Why Animals Die Is Vital For Understand The Population

Summary Statistics regarding The time and place of when Animals die is vital to understand the population pronouncement. During migratory periods like winter, breeding, and also during migratory, the when and where animals die is important for us to understand population regulations. In migratory animals, mortality may prevail not only during the stationary periods but can also happen during the migrational seasons. But, the relative significance of population limiting factors during different periods of the year remains poorly understood, and previous studies mainly relied on indirect evidence. Here, we provide direct evidence about when and where migrants die by identifying cases of confirmed and probable deaths in three species of long-distance migratory raptors tracked by satellite telemetry. We show that mortality rate was about six times higher during migration seasons than during stationary periods. However, total mortality was surprisingly similar between periods, which can be explained by the fact that risky migration periods are shorter than safer stationary periods. Nevertheless, more than half of the annual mortality occurred during migration. We also found spatiotemporal patterns in mortality: spring mortality occurred mainly in Africa in association with the crossing of the Sahara desert, while most mortality during autumn took place in Europe. Our results strongly suggest that events during the migration seasons have an important impact on the populationShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl CohenRead MoreWhy Is First Nations Lived In Harmony With The Environment?959 Words   |  4 Pagesevery part of the animal as useful tools for the everyday life of the FN. Lastly, the progression in time for FN and their fight to protect the environment that is still happening today and can be seen in media of all types. Beaver fur was one of the most sought after materials for hundreds of years in Europe. It was used in all types of clothing and wasn’t replaced until the 1840’s when people used silk as a substitute. This obsession for beaver felt left the beaver population in shambles withRead MoreThe Importance of Wildlife Conservation1634 Words   |  7 Pagesto understand the importance of wildlife conservation. Why is wildlife so important? What steps need to be taken to preserve wildlife? How can one become involved in wildlife conservation? These are all important questions that need to be explored in order to help maintain the delicate ecosystem on Earth. Wildlife plays a vital role in this fragile ecosystem and without wildlife the human race would not survive. The initial step in wildlife conservation is understanding why wildlife is vital toRead MoreAnimal Cruelty, By Walt Disney1178 Words   |  5 Pagesa remote basin, watching the east grow bright, waiting for the first rays of warm sunshine to break through the trees and drive away the bitter cold of night.† Although some people think that hunting is animal cruelty, I believe that hunting is crucial to maintain the balance of animal population before they become over populated. Hunting in general is a broad topic so, I will be using deer as the main point. Walt Disney has had a hand in how hunters are portrayed. Bambi, released in 1942, portrayedRead MoreThe Nature Of Love As Described By Helen Fischer1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The evolution of love is ever changing. Its biochemical foundations and its vital importance to human society are informing and transforming the way we understand ourselves†. TED speaker Helen Fischer states that this expression known as love derives from three basic human neural happenings, sex drive, romantic love, and attachment. Once all of these stages fall into place within the brain, the phenomenon known as love occurs, according to Helen Fischer. The depth of it all depends on how deep,Read MoreIs Ocean Biodiversity Important?1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbiodiversity is the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat. Why is ocean biodiversity important and how does it play a role in our lives? Boris Worm, a marine research ecologist and associate professor at Dalhousie University in Canada, and his associates explains that, â€Å"local species richness enhance ecosystem productivity and stability†¦ marine ecosystems provide a wide variety goods and services, including vital food resources for millions of people, flood control and waste detoxification†Read MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesSheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over a person’s quality of life. We will answerRead MoreMorality in Eating Meat1046 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve the animal has the right to live just as much as we (humans) do or simply because they feel they can obtain nutrients and nourishment an alternate way. For cattleman, chicken farm producers, slaughterhouses, and etc. whose livelihood depends on the producing livestock for the American people are advocates for the consumption of meat. Some classify these people as animal killers because they grow their livestock from start to finishing weight. Bu t for the non-ranches it’s hard to understand thatRead MoreSharks Is Not An Easy Task1685 Words   |  7 Pagesdolphins and turtles, who are also endangered, sharks are not cuddly cute creatures and are not generally appealing. It is hard to get a population behind a cause that they don’t understand. Sharks, to society, are the mean, mindless, vicious creatures portrayed by the media and old-wives tales and because of this, people don’t care whether or not they get killed. WHY ARE SHARKS BEING KILLED? Sharks are being killed for many different reasons. The practice of shark-finning and long-lining are the mostRead MoreThe Nature And Ecosystem Of The Ecosystem Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesmade of organisms which make us the intellect organism in the ecosystem. Since we are the intellect organism, this makes us responsible for the survival of nature and ecosystem. This generation has forgotten our ancestors once lived like all other animals in the ecosystem. They would hunt for food and rely on the land for water, shelter and other basic needs. Nevertheless with time men have evolved and slowly distance from nature. We seem to now think we no longer need nature or the ecosystem for

Gays on College Campuses and the Problems They Face

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

War of the Roses Essay Example For Students

War of the Roses Essay Tom Jones, by Henry Fielding is a novel that is identical to a soap opera. This book deals with everything from treachery to lust to deceit. He writes about a man and womans love for one another and that nothing can stand in their way. Class separates them and they will not let that stop them. Acquired a discretion and prudence very uncommon in one of his lively parts. This is a quote from Squire Allworthy to Tom. I believe that Fieldings purpose in writing this novel was purely to entertain. He also added stabs at the class society in medieval England. He wrote this novel to inspire hope in the people of his time. He wanted them to go for their dreams and never to give up hope. But most of all this was for entertainment. Humans like to see lives that are in more turmoil than their own. This is why we have soap operas on television today. He achieves this by using characters that seem to be imaginable. He puts these characters in amazing situations. When the reader believes that they have something pinned he puts in another twist that sends your senses spiraling. A specific instance in the novel is when the reader finds out that Mrs. Waters is actually Jenny Jones who is Toms mother. He sleeps with Mrs. Waters not knowing this. Fielding does not unveil this secret until the end of the novel. The major problem in the book is simple. There is a deceitful man named Blifil. He and Tom are going after the same woman, Sophia Western. Blifil is a kaniving person and besmirches the reputation of Tom. He makes up lies that hurt Toms chances with Sophia. Tom is also a bastard and Sophias father does not want her to marry a bastard. But he does want her to marry Blifil because he is in line to inherit a large estate. After arguments and many other incidences the truth is revealed. Everyone finds out that Tom is the good one and Blifil is the bad one. Tom also gets the girl. Henry Fielding was born on April 22, 1707, at Sharpham Park in Somersetshire to well-situated, upper-class parents. His mother was the grand daughter of Sir Henry gold, Baron of the Exchequer, and his father, Edmund, fought against the forces of Louis XIV under the Duke of Marlborough, who eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant general. Fielding was home school as was Tom Jones in the novel. A clerk-man from the University of Leyden educated him. And he began not as a novelist, but as a playwright. His first play was, Love in Several Masques. It was written and performed in 1728, he was still quite young. During the next ten years he wrote eight more long plays and over fifteen short plays which he called Farces. Arthur Murphy wrote the first biography of Fielding in 1762. For though it must be acknowledged that in the whole collection there are few plays likely to make any considerable figure on the stage hereafter, yet they are wor thy of being preserved, being the works of a genius, who in his wildest and most inaccurate productions, yet occasionally displays the talents of a master.In 1737 he began to study law at Middle Court. He was admitted to the bar in 1740. In the remaining fourteen years of his life he published four novels. He also wrote a BI-weekly newspaper called the Covent Garden Journal. In 1748 he was named Justice of the Peace for the Westminster district of London and in 1749 for all of Middlesex County. He was a proponent of social reform. He spent the last five years of his life in and out of courts and parliament. In 1753 he published Proposal for Making an Effectual Provision for the Poor. In April 1754 he was forced to resign his position as magistrate and move to Portugal. He later died in October of 1754. I believe that the specific theme of this novel to to never give up. That if a person has a dream and eventhough others tell them they can not reach it that

The Case of Sally with Adlerian Therapy free essay sample

The Case of Sally and Mid-Life Transition: An Adlerian Perspective in Therapy Title: The Case of Sally: An Adlerian Perspective in Therapy Author: Document Type:Article Subject Terms:Psychology; Adler; Adlerian Abstract: Examines the counseling case of Sally in perspective of an Adlerian view. Sally’s somatic complaints and mistaken beliefs allows Adlerian technique to help her to experience a full life including career and social connections. Adlerian assumptions: Interpreting Sally’s record; Effect of Sally’s Birth order; Tasks for the counselor. Full Text Word Count: Sally’s predominant reason for coming to counseling is to alleviate a number of somatic complaints such as panic, anxiety, and possibly depression. Her physical symptoms have included: hot flashes, cold sweats, shortness of breath, tremors, fainting, heart racing, fears dying of heart attack, shakes, hot flashes, and cold sweats. Although there was no stated medical causes, hot flashes could be the beginnings of peri-menopause due to her age being 39 years old and although early, hormonal changes could be contributing to her distress. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of Sally with Adlerian Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I chose an Adlerian approach because Sally needs immediate help as panic can be debilitating and frightening and an Adlerian therapist can get to the core issues quicker than could a psychoanalytic approach. I would be concerned that an existential approach could exacerbate her problems and cause her to look elsewhere for therapy. An Adlerian therapist would look beyond Sally’s symptoms to the causes which could include the following: transitioning to mid-life and her role of parenting coming to a close, dissatisfaction with her marriage, feeling stuck about actually getting a job as a teacher, and feeling overweight. Although she takes pride in her role of homemaker, mother and wife, she is aware that she has lived for others and wants to become more motivated and assertive about her own life goals. That is, Adlerian therapy never places the counselor in a superior position with respect to truth, or express disrespect, condescension or lack of empathy. Sally is feeling very inferior and and needs to know that the therapist will provide the support to find encouragement and hope again. An Adlerian therapist would work to build respect, confidence, equality, and cooperation with Sally. Sally reports a number of fear based thoughts that the therapist should take note of such as: her husband will leave her if she makes any changes in herself, she might go to hell for not believing the same dogmatic beliefs as her parents, and she is afraid of taking the initiative to work outside the home. Her reasons for most of these issues are losing the approval of her family, husband, and children. She does not report that she has friendships or social contacts other than attending a church. Since childhood she has always felt socially awkward, constantly being worried about what others have thought of her. Finally, she has concerns about death and dying and evidence supports that panic attacks can certainly perpetuate that notion in a client with high anxiety. It seems appropriate that Sally is questioning life right now and she does show some insight into her issues already as she previously questioned the dogmatic beliefs she was raised with enough to attend a different church than her parents. And yet this too has caused consternation as well because of her fear of going to hell and losing parental love and approval. Even though her life is consistent and stable, she considers it boring and stale and wants help from therapy to push her out of this and yet fears that therapy could make her even worse. According to Adler, all behavior is purposeful and for Sally to be this anxious and panicky has hidden goals. The therapist would work with Sally to help her assume responsibility for finding her life beyond her role of only a mother and wife. An Adlerian therapist would say that Sally is unconsciously avoiding meeting life tasks. Although her problems are manifesting somatically, her issues would best be solved if viewed through a social context and life tasks: building friendships (social task), establishing intimacy (love-marriage task), and contributing to society (occupational task). Sally has not worked through friendships, she has contributed to society by raising her children but that role is coming to a close and she has not fulfilled her task to become a teacher, and she is in a marriage but she’s not experiencing intimacy. So all three universal tasks are not developed and an Adlerian would be concerned with all three areas. According to Corey (2009) there are four processes in Adlerian psychotherapy: a) forming a relationship (b) investigating the client’s life style through assessment and interviews both subjective and objective, (c) interpreting the data to the client and (d) helping the client to reorient towards a more prosocial stance by modifying certain convictions held by the client that aren’t helpful and promoting courage, optimism and finding meaning in life. Another area of focus would be Sally’s early recollections and especially her being the oldest child and how she feels affected by that. First born children tend to be rule bound, dependable, hard-working and take on a pseudo-parenting role. Because of her birth order, Sally is most likely resistant to new ideas and has a habit of being right thing oriented. Sally could talk about her feelings about being an oldest and the pressure involved. Sally could explore how that early role of taking care of others is not necessarily the only way she has to define herself. How can taking care of yourself help your marriage and your relationship with your children? What kind of role model does this give to your children? Is the goal of creating dependency in others really the healthiest aim? The following are some possible issues a therapist could go over in terms of Sally’s â€Å"private logic† or mistaken beliefs: 1. I should adhere to my parents’ morals and rules and not my own. 2. If I find out who I really am, I’ll not only find nothing or I could be worse off than before. 3. I am socially awkward and weird and noone will want to be my friend. 4. My purpose in life is to take care of others. 5. I believe I should share my parents religious beliefs or I might go to hell or lose their approval. 6. My husband will leave me if I make changes in myself, such as work outside the home. 7. Life is boring and should not be fun, not even sexually fun. 8. I am afraid of confrontation and not doing the right thing. 9. The world is a scary place. The goal of the second phase with Sally would be to utilize her autobiography, and the Life Style Assessment and interview which includes information regarding family constellation, early recollections, and birth order. By utilizing a Life Style Assessment, the therapist works on modifying Sally’s mistaken attitudes, and not just eliminating symptoms. At this point the therapist can make use of what Dreikurs (1997) calls â€Å"The Question. † The therapist would ask Sally, â€Å"If I could wave a magic wand and your symptoms would go away, how would your life be different and what would you be doing differently? † After a relationship is established and the client has a comfort level, the counselor would discuss client goals for therapy. Although not required in Adlerian therapy, a contract or plan would promote better focus. Sally and her therapist should begin to formulate a plan or contract detailing what she wants, how she plans to get it and what is preventing her from successfully attaining her goal, how can she change nonproductive behavior into constructive behavior, and how can she make full use of her assets in achieving her purpose. In Sally’s case there was no information offered about her dreams but an Adlerian therapist could use this as another way to interpret her issues. Adlerians view dreams as rehearsals for possible future courses of action. There are so many different techniques that an Adlerian therapist can apply. The therapist could remind Sally and celebrate the reality that she already done the hard work of going back to school and getting a teaching degree. An Adlerian could help Sally explore her fears about stepping into the workplace and what the worst case would be. Is the fear of failure holding her back from making any attempts at all? We already know that Sally’s birth order contributed to her fear of change and fear of failure. The therapist could also help Sally with the technique of â€Å"as if†. Sally is already acting â€Å"as if† she might not get hired or â€Å"as if† there are no new roles for her. Would her family really fall apart? Can she teach her children to be less dependent on her so they become healthy as well? It would be helpful for Sally to see that her own lack of activity is causing her more stress. She knows she wants to find herself and take some risks and what would be the worst case if she failed in her job? What would the best case look like? Because of Sally’s case and my choice for Adlerian therapy, I researched Adler’s beliefs about women in the workplace and found he was a man ahead of his time. In Chandler’s article, she states â€Å"it is not easy in our culture for a girl to have self-confidence and courage. From an early age girls are told through various social modalities that they are incapable and are suitable for only subordinate work. Obviously a girl who is unable to examine such judgment s for their correctness will regard female inability as woman’s inevitable fate, and will ultimately herself believe in her own inability. Sally shared with the therapist at the start that she likes to be â€Å"in control. † Sally could be helped to see that the only people who have difficulties with fears are those that have to be in control. We can choose to be afraid of a lot of things because so many things can go wrong. But is living in fear and paralysis really good living? According to Adler, Sally is lacking courage, the courage to take a risk which would be to interview and get a job. Sally’s symptoms could indicate her faulty belief that she has to be perfect, have love and approval and that she cannot make mistakes and fail. Her anxiety and panic keep her immobilized from finding out that she can succeed or even that maybe she would fail but is that worse than sitting home with panic? Life changed for her because her children grew up and she can’t control that. Life is never a constant and we are better off if we change with it and find new purpose. If Sally disagrees with the client that she is in control by manifesting panic and anxiety and being immobilized then the Adlerian that would refute her rationalizations that she is â€Å"out of control† is called â€Å"spitting in the soup. † She may still feel out of control about her anxiety but it won’t taste good. The therapist would want to find out if Sally is afraid of getting a job because she won’t â€Å"need† her husband anymore and work with her on her new job bringing a source of joy to her that will help her marriage. It seems that Sally’s courage was undermined by her father’s harshness and rigidity and also by her husband’s lack of promoting her efforts to work outside the home. The therapist would teach Sally that she can’t change her mind about working if she doesn’t know her own mind. It makes sense that she is not working because her mom didn’t work and because she has never wanted to challenge her father and now husband. Is Sally also holding back because she still continues to feel awkward in the presence of others like she did as a child? Also, if Sally sought her children to be her friends and now that they are growing up and leaving, this could be causing anxiety. It sounds like Sally was never really allowed to have a teenage life with a boyfriend as well as girlfriends so she missed important years for developing this aspect of her life. If she finds that she does not get support and make friends at her job, she can always look for another job. Or she can stay in that job and work through her friendship skills with the help of a counselor. And not everyone always has a friend at their job. Sometimes we benefit from just the work experience itself but either way, working helps us to learn more about ourselves, especially socially where Sally is lacking confidence. Another technique to be used is the paradoxical intention which would involve having Sally exaggerate her stuck thoughts and behaviors, go with their resistance, rather than against it and become aware of her behavior and her responsibility for its consequences. A therapist would use disclosure and well-timed interpretations such as â€Å"It seems to me that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or Could it be that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Or this is how it appears to me. † Sally would never be led to defend herself and she would be free to discuss and even argue with the counselor any hunches and impressions. According to Hilary Silver in her article Reflections on Alfred Adler, she states that â€Å"In turn, dignity bestows well-being: job satisfaction, a livable pace of work, creativity, meaning, and fulfillment. Dignity may be inherent in being human, but people also earn dignity through their actions. Work is not only a way to earn a living it is also a way of being useful. † In the reorientation phase of therapy, Sally and her therapist could consider alternative attitudes, beliefs and actions. Hopefully, Sally will no longer be locked into the past pattern of avoiding and she feels more encourage and powerful enough to make the changes she needs. Sally will have learned that its not enough to gain insight but that we have to become action-oriented. Sally could be given some tasks and homework such as calling some school districts, and putting in some applications. The therapist could role play the interview process with Sally to give her a comfort level. Also Sally could role-play talking with her husband and working through her perceived resistance about her working outside the home. The therapist could switch roles and be Sally and Sally could be her husband. To sum up, Adler believed that our answers can be found by looking at life through a social context. We find our highest ideals by by incorporating such traits as caring for others, the courage to be imperfect, and contribution to the common welfare. If Sally goes on to get a job she will see and recognize her importance in society and not just to her family. This will increase her confidence in herself and allow for more intimacy in the family, not a one down position to her husband. By learning more assertiveness in herself, she can take more risks, become more active and courageous, and less in control. When this occurs she will lose the panic feelings and anxiety, and feel confident and positive about her new life as a teacher, as a lover and spouse, and friend to those in the community. References: Dumont, F. and Corsine, R. (2000). Six Therapists and One Client. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Wedding, D. and Corsini, R. (1995). Case Studies in Psychotherapy. Illinois: Peacock Publishers. Chandler, C. (December 1, 2009). Individual Psychology: The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research Practice, University of Texas Press. Corey, Gerald (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 8th Edition; California: Thompson Publishing.

Why do organizations continue essays

Why do organizations continue essays The world economy is moving away from the traditional economic system, where national markets were considered as distinct entities, towards a modern economic system where the national markets are merging into one huge global market. Therefore, as the development in the international business environment are forcing companies to think of the world as one vast market, the companies are being forced to set up their manufacturing and marketing facilities in different foreign countries in order to be internationally competitive. Large multinational enterprises and global organizations typically employ individuals from throughout the world. In this regard, there are in today's world a still increasing number of managers, namely expatriates, who are sent by international firms on foreign assignments to work in an overseas subsidiary for a period of time in order to broaden their horizons and to enhance their inter-cultural competence (K. Barham, 1991, pp.158 ). Nevertheless, as mentioned by J.F Hennart (1982, pp.82), operating overseas usually costs more than operating at home because a foreigner does not have the same contacts and knowledge of local customs and business practices as indigenous competitors". The potential losses associated with this latter point can be extremely costly for the ongoing success of the company. B.J. Punnett pointed out that the incremental cost (i.e., that over and above the amount incurred if the position were staffed locally) of sending an expatriate manager to a foreign location is in the vicinity of $200,000 (B.J. Punnett, 1997, pp.388). Hence the need to ensure the right people are going overseas for the right reasons at the right time is also central to the companys success. As the use of expatriates or parent-country nationals in multinational companies can seem confusing because of the cost involved in training and sending managers overseas, we therefore need...

Admiral Barbarossa of the Ottoman Empire

Admiral Barbarossa of the Ottoman Empire He began his naval career as a Barbary pirate, alongside his brothers, raiding Christian coastal villages and seizing ships across the Mediterranean. Khair-ed-Din, also known as Hayreddin Barbarossa, was so successful as a corsair that he managed to become the ruler of Algiers, and then the chief admiral of the Ottoman Turkish navy under Suleiman the Magnificent. Barbarossa started life as a simple potters son and rose to lasting piratical fame. Early Life Khair-ed-Din was born sometime in the late 1470s or early 1480s in the village of Palaiokipos, on the Ottoman-controlled Greek island of Midilli. His mother Katerina was likely a Greek Christian, while his father Yakup is of uncertain ethnicity - different sources state that he was Turkish, Greek, or Albanian. In any case, Khair was the third of their four sons. Yakup was a potter, who purchased a boat to help him sell his goods all around the island and beyond. His sons all learned to sail as part of the family business. As young men, sons Ilyas and Aruj operated their fathers boat, while Khair bought a ship of his own; they all began operating as privateers in the Mediterranean.   Between 1504 and 1510, Aruj used his fleet of ships to help ferry Moorish Muslim refugees from Spain to North Africa after the Christian Reconquista and the fall of Granada. The refugees referred to him as Baba Aruj or Father Aruj, but Christians heard the name as Barbarossa, which is Italian for Redbeard.  As it happened, Aruj and Khair both had red beards, so the western nickname stuck.   In 1516, Khair and his older brother Aruj led a sea and land invasion of Algiers, then under Spanish domination. The local amir, Salim al-Tumi, had invited them to come and free his city, with assistance from the Ottoman Empire. The brothers defeated the Spanish and drove them from the city, and then assassinated the amir.   Aruj took power as the new Sultan of Algiers, but his position was not secure. He accepted an offer from the Ottoman sultan Selim I to make Algiers part of the Ottoman Empire; Aruj became the Bey of Algiers, a tributary ruler under Istanbuls control. The Spanish killed Aruj in 1518, however, at the capture of Tlemcen, and Khair took on both the beyship of Algiers and the nickname Barbarossa.   Bey of Algiers In 1520, Sultan Selim I died and a new sultan took the Ottoman throne. He was Suleiman, called The Lawgiver in Turkey and The Magnificent by Europeans. In return for Ottoman protection from Spain, Barbarossa offered Suleiman the use of his pirate fleet. The new bey was an organizational mastermind, and soon Algiers was the center of privateer activity for all of North Africa. Barbarossa became the de facto ruler of all the so-called Barbary pirates  and began to build up a significant land-based army as well. Barbarossas fleet captured a number of Spanish ships returning from the Americas laden with gold. It also raided coastal Spain, Italy, and France, carrying off loot and also Christians who would be sold as slaves. In 1522, Barbarossas ships assisted in the Ottoman conquest of the island of Rhodes, which had been a stronghold for the troublesome Knights of St. John, also called Knights Hospitaller, an order left over from the Crusades. In the fall of 1529, Barbarossa helped an additional 70,000 Moors flee from Andalusia, southern Spain, which was in the grips of the Spanish Inquisition. Throughout the 1530s, Barbarossa continued to capture Christian shipping, seize towns, and raid Christian settlements all around the Mediterranean. In 1534, his ships sailed right up to the River Tiber, causing panic in Rome. To answer the threat he posed, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire appointed famed Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, who began to capture Ottoman towns along the southern Greek coast. Barbarossa responded in 1537 by seizing a number of Venetian-controlled islands for Istanbul.   Events came to a head in 1538.  Pope Paul III organized a Holy League made up of the Papal States, Spain, the Knights of Malta, and the Republics of Genoa and Venice. Together, they assembled a fleet of 157 galleys under Andrea Dorias command, with the mission of defeating Barbarossa and the Ottoman fleet. Barbarossa had just 122 galleys when the two forces met off of Preveza. The Battle of Preveza, on September 28, 1538, was a smashing victory for Hayreddin Barbarossa.  Despite their smaller numbers, the Ottoman fleet took the offensive and crashed through Dorias attempt at encirclement. The Ottomans sank ten of the Holy Leagues ships, captured 36 more, and burned three, without losing a single ship themselves. They also captured about 3,000 Christian sailors, at a cost of 400 Turkish dead and 800 wounded. The following day, despite urging from the other captains to stay and fight, Doria ordered the survivors of the Holy Leagues fleet to withdraw. Barbarossa continued on to Istanbul, where Suleiman received him at the Topkapi Palace and promoted him to Kapudan-i Derya or Grand Admiral of the Ottoman Navy, and Beylerbey or Governor of governors of Ottoman North Africa.  Suleiman also gave Barbarossa the governorship of Rhodes, fittingly enough. The Grand Admiral The victory at Preveza gave the Ottoman Empire dominance in the Mediterranean Sea that lasted for more than thirty years. Barbarossa took advantage of that dominance to clear all of the islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas of Christian fortifications. Venice sued for peace in October of 1540, acknowledging Ottoman suzerainty over those lands and paying war indemnities. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried in 1540 to tempt Barbarossa to become the top admiral of his fleet, but Barbarossa was not willing to be recruited. Charles personally led a siege on Algiers the following fall, but stormy weather and Barbarossas formidable defenses wreaked havoc on the Holy Roman fleet  and sent them sailing for home. This attack on his home base led Barbarossa to adopt an even more aggressive stance, raiding throughout the western Mediterranean Sea. The Ottoman Empire was allied with France by this time, in what the other Christian nations called The Unholy Alliance, working in opposition to Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Barbarossa and his ships defended southern France from Spanish attack several times between 1540 and 1544. He also made a number of daring raids on Italy. The Ottoman fleet was recalled in 1544  when Suleiman and Charles V reached a truce.  In 1545, Barbarossa went on his last expedition, sailing to raid the Spanish mainland and offshore islands. Death and Legacy The great Ottoman admiral retired to his palace in Istanbul in 1545, after appointing his son to rule Algiers. As a retirement project, Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha dictated his memoirs in five, hand-written volumes. Barbarossa died in 1546.  He is buried on the European side of the Bosporus Straits. His statue, which stands next to his mausoleum, includes this verse: Whence on the seas horizon comes that roar? / Can it be Barbarossa now returning / From Tunis or Algiers or from the isles? / Two hundred ships ride on the waves / Coming from lands the rising crescent lights / O blessed ships, from what seas are you come? Hayreddin Barbarossa left behind a great Ottoman navy, which continued to support the empires great power status for centuries to come. It stood as a monument to his skills in organization and administration, as well as naval warfare. Indeed, in the years following his death, the Ottoman navy ventured out into the Atlantic and into the Indian Ocean to project Turkish power in distant lands.

Foreign Policy Issues Faced by UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign Policy Issues Faced by UK - Essay Example The three issues of international concern to the U.K. are discussed in greater depth below. Discussion The United Kingdom has been in the forefront of international news lately and these three foreign policy issues are the fight against terrorism, the economic crisis in Europe and the on-going war in Libya of which Great Britain and France took the lead roles for all NATO members in cooperation with the United States of America. The three international issues are important to the United Kingdom because it is leading member of the European Union as well as a major player in the international arena of politics, economy and the oil industry. On the whole, an evaluation of the newspaper's approach to presenting the news will show it tries to present a balanced view of the news, without any sensationalism, slant or any personal opinion either of the reporter or the newspaper's news editors. This is as it should be as the task of any newspaper is to inform its readers and any views on the news should always be properly relegated to the opinion-editorial page (op-ed section). If ever, the personal views of the reporter are largely muted or very subtle an ordinary reader would hardly notice it. The fight against Islamist terrorism is of great interest to the United Kingdom. It is a primary concern to the country as it itself had once been a victim of these terrorists attacks. It was not too long ago when four suicide bombers detonated themselves in a well-coordinated attack by riding on London's trains and set off the bombs back in July 07, 2005 that targeted civilian train passengers. The four bombers declared themselves as jihadists and had links to the terror network of Al Qaeda. The recent successes of the American's anti-terrorism efforts should be of good cheer to the English people as well because it implies a safer environment for every British citizen. The killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan back in May this year is a great victory against international ter rorism. The recent news about the assassination of Mr. Anwar al-Awlaki in Yemen should be reason enough for a celebration (Hider 1) as this guy in a way had assumed the ideological leadership of Al Qaeda after Osama bin Laden was killed. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States which is the lead agency tasked to fight terrorism overseas had targeted him despite Mr. Awlaki being an American citizen. He is a native American of sorts, having been born in New Mexico but he took up jihad (Dozier and Apuzzo 1) and was responsible for several failed bombing attempts using airplanes also. The second news item of international significance for the United Kingdom is the on-going financial and economic crisis in Europe caused by the risk of default by Greece. The country is one of the strongest economies in Europe, besides Germany and France, It is only expected that it will also play a leading role in resolving this latest debt crisis by contributing to a bailout fund and st amping a seal of approval for any loans to be given out to Greece. But is it also in a quandary of sorts, as the country itself has not yet fully recovered from an earlier financial crisis brought about by the bursting of the American housing sub-mortgage bubble in 2007 and is also suffering from a large budget deficit that has necessitated big cutbacks. Great Britain had seemed headed for a mild economic recovery just six months ago but the situation today has completely deteriorated due

Philosophy of David Hume in response to Rene Descartes Essay

Philosophy of David Hume in response to Rene Descartes - Essay Example On the contrary, Hume responds by demonstrating his philosophy on empiricism whereby an a posteriori knowledge is required apart from analytical endeavor for such theory posits that matters of fact in the world may only be ascertained by perceiving through the senses. In the light of an empirical attempt for one to obtain certainty with truths that may be contingent, Hume necessitates engagement with observations wherein an observer becomes capable of designating philosophical connections with contiguity and identity of objects. Hume holds suspicion on Descartes’ belief on pure reasoning on the basis of arguing that causes and effects are physically adjacent in space so â€Å"the causal inference must be grounded in experience, not in any intuitive knowledge of ‘essences’†. If causes exist in reality, according to Hume, no reasoning can It is basically indispensable for Hume that humans understand how they are led to the factual goal by having resolutions to it sought through sensory experiences that are external or extrinsic by nature. Hume claims: â€Å"Even after we have experience of the operations of cause and effect, our conclusions from that experience are not founded on reasoning† that is why causal beliefs may not be treated an a priori for perceptions by sense establish a strong basis around a contingent truth that relies heavily on ‘matters of fact’ which are directly observed. Kant, nevertheless, argues â€Å"Have courage to use your own reason† in his attempt to address lack of enlightenment during his time for enlightenment in a man pertains to a state when the latter has overcome or emerged above his immature self. It is claimed that beyond man’s immaturity, there exists sufficient capacity to understand in the absence of external guiding principle and in this propos ition, the immaturity of an individual is considered to be imposed upon oneself and

Rebellion Against Oppression Essay Example for Free

Rebellion Against Oppression Essay How Does Oppression Within â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† and â€Å"The House of Bernarda Alba† Lead To Unnatural Consequences? In both ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ and ‘The House of Bernarda Alba’ rebellion against oppression is a strong theme, with both Tita and Adela struggling to break free of their mother’s authoritarianism. However, it is important to realise that with both characters, the authors are using them to symbolise their own journeys. Federico Garcia Lorca uses Adela’s strong willed fight against Bernarda Alba to represent the costs of repressing the freedom of others. Likewise, in Like Water for Chocolate, Laura Esquivel uses Tita’s constant battle against Mama Elena to show how women struggle to be heard and how both men and tradition can be strong oppressors. Laura Esquivel employs magic realism throughout ‘Like Water For Chocolate’ to show how Tita’s emotions are transmitted and exaggerated through food. Laura Esquivel presents the supernatural as an everyday event, however not all the characters accept it in the same way as reality, for example Mama Elena remains convinced that Tita is somehow doctoring the food to her own liking, instead of it being ‘magical tears’. Tita lives in a traditional female role, she enjoys cooking and is a selfless nurturer but she lives under a matriarchal rule. A woman who has â€Å"never needed a man for anything†, which leaves the reader questioning why Tita seems to require a man in her life in order to â€Å"alight her matches†. Adela, although fighting for her right for freedom again Bernarda Alba, still believes that she must take orders from Pepe. The traditional roles the mothers have created for their daughters continue even in their rebellion. The men in both books are not particularly strong characters. All leaving the women to suffer for the mess they have created themselves. When Librada’s daughter kills her newborn baby in order to avoid the shame of having sex with someone out of wedlock, â€Å"a big crowd† gather in order to kill her. It is completely unnatural that the woman is being prosecuted for being a â€Å"woman who tramples on decency† as opposed to a murderer. This is an ironic recasting of the Mary Magdalene narrative, which exposes the hypocrisy of Bernarda Alba’s society. This shows however, that within both texts, men are far less restricted than the women. The man is of no fault for having sex out of wedlock, it is her shame. Similarly, in ‘Like Water For Chocolate’ Mama Elena is far more annoyed at the idea of Tita shaming her family than of Pedro cheating on her eldest daughter. Mama Elena is obsessed with tradition and all her actions reflect this. Tita, being the youngest daughter of the family, is forced to remain at home until the day her mother dies. Mama Elena immediately disregards Tita’s questioning of the tradition, saying, â€Å"for generations not a single person in my family has questioned this tradition†, expressing that Tita should simply accept these traditions as fact and that she does not have the right to question her mother’s authority. Rosaura informs Tita that her only daughter will care for her and never marry, according to family tradition. Rosaura tries to mirror her relationship with Esperanza to the relationship her mother and Tita shared. Tita is horrified to discover that Rosaura plans to ‘perpetuate such an inhumane tradition†. Rosaura does not seem to have any powerful emotions and persists to carry on the family traditions as a poor imitation of her mother. It is class and not tradition that keeps Bernarda Alba from concealing her daughters from the world of marriage and men within ‘The House of Bernarda Alba’. Her mind is focused on how the world views her and her family. When Angustias is seen looking at Pepe El Romano, her mother asks â€Å"is it proper for a woman of your class to go chasing after a man? She is instantly noticing that her daughter is stepping outside her class and reining her back in. When Matirio is set to marry Enrique Humanas, Bernarda won’t allow it because her ‘blood will never mix with that of the Humanas family’ proving that her only real interest is in class rather than the welfare of her daughters. Mama Elena and Bernarda Alba have different reasons for oppressing their daughters but both women are equally as keen to enforce their rules. It is ironic how un-natural the ends of oppression are shown to be. When Tita is brought into the world prematurely after her fathers sudden death, Mama Elena is the opposite of a nurturer, never forging any bond with Tita. Tita develops a relationship with food that gives her the power to nurture and give outlet to her emotions. Tita rebels against her mother’s authority first through her consorting with Pedro. When Tita receives the news that Pedro is to be married to Rosaura, her life begins to crumble around her and throughout the novel there are many times when they meet without Mama Elena’s knowledge. Roberto, Rosaura and Pedro’s son is a strong, if not surprising influence in Tita’s actions. Roberto forges the bond with Tita that her and her mother never had and ‘contary to what she had expected’ she feels â€Å"an immense tenderness towards the boy†. It is when Roberto dies that Tita’s desire to please her mother and her own desires clash and she outwardly defies her mother and steps out of the shadow of oppression for the first time. She â€Å"tears apart all the sausages† symbolizing her finally destroying her mother’s rules. When Tita is found in the dovecote, it is ironic that Mama Elena states that â€Å"there’s no place in this house for maniacs! † when her oppressive nature is what caused Tita to break down. When John arrives and removes her from the oppressive atmosphere her mother has created, and she is offered comfort and love, Tita’s failing sanity returns leaving the reader questioning Mama Elena’s own sanity as she confines her daughters to a life of unnatural solitude. Adela is quietly rebelling continuously through the three act play; her real emotion doesn’t arise until the end. From the first act, after the funeral Adela wears a ‘green dress’ making her stand out from her more conservative siblings. The colour green symbolises fertility which Bernarda objects to. This immediately separates her from her family. Unlike Tita, Adela never covers up her feelings in front of her mother or siblings, she knows what she wants and â€Å"her body will be for anyone†. Bernarda’s cane is her symbol of authority, one bang on the floor and all is silenced. In her fury Adela breaks ‘the tyrant’s rod’, the ultimate rebellion, breaking Bernarda’s status symbol. With her object of authority broken, Bernarda can no longer oppress her youngest daughter. Lorca structures the conflict between the characters, short sentences forces the audience to feel the panic of the women and the strength of Adela as Bernarda’s matricachal world crashes down around her. In the last act Adela’s repression from being with the man she loves causes her to commit suicide, an ironic tragedy. Lorca makes the audience judge public morality by showing how women are oppressed throughout the scenes and how people react in the most unnatural fashion, women are convicted of adultery before murder. When Adela hangs herself, Bernarda is strong on the knowledge that her daughter â€Å"died a virgin†, she is much more interested in how the town see her as oppesed to the fact her daughter murdered herself due to Bernarda’s rules. Gertrudis and Paca Le Roseta seem very similar characters; they both follow their carnal desire and run away. Paca La Roseta was â€Å"carried off to the top of the olive grove† by the men, when Bernarda finds out ‘she agreed to it’ she is eager to announce her distaste, claiming Roseta is a ‘loose woman’ and therefore to be shunned. Because she breaks the rules of what is deemed acceptable she is immediately rejected In chapter three, Tita’s lustful emotions find themselves in the quail in rose petal sauce. When served, the family’s hidden lust rise to the surface, all of them experiencing Tita’s desire. Gertrudis is the ‘conducting body’ for Tita’s rebellion giving her the opportunity to enter Pedro’s ‘hot, voluptuous, totally sensuous’ body. Esquivel uses magic realism to describe Gertrudis setting aflame and running away with a man. Totally defying the rules of tradition set down by her own mother. Bernarda’s mother rebels against her daughter constantly and loudly. Constantly shouting that she wants to ‘get married at the edge of the sea’. She questions ’why isn’t there any foam here? Nothing but black mourning shawls’, she wants to go somewhere bright and full of hope instead of being locked up surrounded by the darkness of oppression. Maria Josepha is persistent in trying to escape her oppressor, trying to be a mother, outstepping her boundaries. She wishes a lamb to ‘be a child’ as she has a strong maternal instinct that represents all the girls’ wish to be a mother. How they all must have a maternal instinct Bernarda is not allowing them to have. The family is unnatural, a denial of nature. Maria Josepha represents rebelling against oppression much like Gertrudis in ‘Like Water For Chocolate’. Throughout both books, the matriarchal oppression forces both women to come to an unnatural end. The strict ideas of tradition, class and how a woman should act condemn everyone to a life of tragedy. Lorca and Esquivel are both fighting for the voices that were not allowed to speak in their own society.

Lincoln In American Memory by Merrill D. Peterson Essay -- Book Review

"O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is wonÂ… The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object wonÂ…" Walt Whitman's description of a ship weathering a powerful storm, and returning safe with its mission complete, perfectly illustrates the United States enduring the divisions of the Civil War. This poem is one of numerous commemorations to the sixteenth president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Merrill D. Peterson, author of Lincoln in American Memory, examines an interesting variety of sources, including statues and prints made of Lincoln over the years in addition to the numerous biographies written, and attributes three prominent images to the legacy of Abraham Lincoln: Savior of the Union, the Great Emancipator, and the Self-made Man. From the moment Lincoln died on Saturday, April 15, 1865, these images have developed in the hearts and minds of the American public, withstood the test of time, and still remain to this day (Peterson 1). The day had been Good Friday on the Christian calendar when the commander in chief had been shot, and immediately his correlation to the life of Jesus Christ as an American martyr began (Peterson 1): Both were born in forlorn hovels. Both Joseph and Thomas [their fathers] were simple carpenters. Both were humble, kind, sorrowful, and loving of their fellow man. Both spoke in parables. Both were sent to fulfill divine missions and preceded by prophets who were executed: John the Baptist and John Brown. On Palm Sunday Jesus journeyed to Jerusalem, Lincoln to (or from) Richmond; one had his Last Supper, the other his last cabinet meetingÂ… (Peterson... ...: With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. (Faragher 477) The nation would eventually reunify and forever commit to memory the images of Lincoln as Savior of the Union, the Great Emancipator, and the Self-made Man. Works Cited Basler, Roy P. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 5. Abraham Lincoln Association. 27 Feb. 2004 Faragher, John Mack, et al. Out of Many: A History of the American People. New Jersey: Prentice, 2000. Peterson, Merrill D. . Lincoln in American Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Anderson Leadership Management Contribution to Success or Failure

Analyze the leadership and management at Arthur Andersen and evaluate its contribution to the company’s success and failure. Leadership has been defined as the individual traits, behavior, interaction patterns, role relationships, follower perceptions, the influence over the followers, task goals and organizational culture (Yuki, 1989). Through the years, the firm Arthur Anderson has gone through many leaders and their style and leadership and behavior has affected the firm in certain ways.From the beginning when the leadership role was in the hands of Arthur Anderson, he placed very strong emphasis on ethics and demanded honest accounting from all his employees despite the conflict of interest amongst some of his clients. His pacesetting leadership style requires all new partners and employees to undergo a series of mandatory trainings annually to ensure that all of them were able to remain focused on the company’s philosophy and values.Pacesetting leadership style dem ands the followers to do as the leader says and such a leadership style produces positive results only if the team is already motivated and skilled. Which in this case, Arthur Anderson has it covered. However, when used extensively, it could overwhelm and stifle the team’s innovation which was what we observed of the firm when analysts view the training process as â€Å"making of androids†. The stifling of innovation may not be such a huge issue at this point as creativity and innovation was not what Arthur Anderson was looking for in his team but instead, structure and following the books.Furthermore, while leading the team, he had a directive leadership behavior which refers to assigning team members specific tasks, clarifying expectations on their work and setting rules and regulations to be followed etc. This behavior pattern has been known to initiate structure which is the goal of Arthur Anderson which explains the success of his leadership during his time. When Arthur Anderson passed on, Leonard Spacek took over the rein of leadership and made use of the authoritative leadership style by coming up with a new logo that he thinks â€Å"epitomized the common vision† that he has or the firm. This style of leadership is effective when the team needs a new vision as circumstances have changed which was true as the firm now has to readjust themselves to the leadership of Spacek instead of Anderson. Such style of leadership inspires entrepreneurial spirit and vibrant enthusiasm for firm which proves success. As the years went by, the leaders that followed up had their priorities wrong and lost focus of what was built throughout the years. The rules and standards set were gradually removed from the system.Eg: the mandatory 2 year audit practice was removed. Such leaders will model the wrong behaviors and will inevitably spread themselves too thin and organizations are at the greatest risk when leaders lose their focus and led to the failure of Anderson. Leaders who are self-serving will also cause the downfall of a firm as it would cause the team to have no confidence in him. For example, Kapnick was reportedly said to have wanted to head both departments by himself and it could have been one of the reasons why the other partners lost trust in him causing him to resign.

Over the Hedge Essay

Over the Hedge is an animated film about the difficulties little harmless animals experience when man encroaches on their habitat (Fry, 2006). The film starts with the end of winter and the animals in the forest are coming out of hibernation. A hyperactive and mischievous raccoon named RJ forages on the junk food of the bear; he escapes alive with the promise of returning all of the bear’s food within a week. On the other side, a family of cute little animals awakens with a green wall in the middle of their forest and suddenly fears what lies beyond the hedge. Verve the turtle ventures over the hedge to find out what was on the other side; however he was subjected to the ferocious human machines like the lawn mower, grass sprinkler, bikes and etc. He returns to the forest and warns that no one should ever venture over the hedge as it is dangerous. The group of animals however had another problem, they had no food. Then here comes, the rascal raccoon RJ and convinces the group that humans throw out their food every time and all they needed to do was go out there and gather it. Verve disagreed and warned them against the idea, but as food became scarce Verve finally agreed with RJ. RJ on the other hand was really thinking of how the group could help him gather the food he owed the bear and here the conflict started. The rest of the film tells about friendship, trust, honesty and love of family. The film does this effectively within the context of man’s environmental responsibility to be stewards of Mother Nature. The plot of the story was actually very simple however, since the characters were cute, furry, funny and adorable animals, the film held much interest. The visuals were very good; it was clear, crisp and very alive. Although one would notice that it was not created in the traditional way, in fact the movie’s animation were all computer generated, from the drawing to the filming. The sound was in the standard Dolby format, and it was clear and loud, however some of the characters dialogues were tweaked to resemble that of the animal, sometimes the dialogue got lost in the way it was pronounced but one could still understand the gist of the sentence. I especially liked the three baby possums because they were really cute, and they were very funny. They had this way of saying things in chorus and then either refuting or supporting each other and their thoughts resembled the candidness of children. The vividness of the colors and images really fed my interest in the film, however I was lost in the burping of the squirrel and the farting of the skunk, maybe the director thought it would add to the comedic element of the film, but it did not feel that way to me. The film talks about the importance of living well with our animal friends, and it shows a very real example of how man react to animals when they start invading our homes and community. The film however had the ability to make us realize that man had been the first to invade the animals’ home and since they get their food from their ecosystem, man’s invasion of their habitat also affects their existence (Peabody, 2006). The film is far from serious and boring, it is funny, entertaining and honest, and brutally honest I must say. The film actually appealed to my sense of justice and equality knowing that man and beast should live together in the best possible way. Although, the film was targeted for children of all ages, some of the dialogues were brazen and crude, thus the film landed in the PG rating, but all the same it contains the essential elements of a good story, interesting characters, excellent animation and great actors and this held my interest in the film until its end.

Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Essays

Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Essays Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Essay Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Essay The Towers of Hanoi is an ancient mathematical game. The aim of this coursework is to try to identify patterns and rules associated with the game and explain them in mathematical terms. The definitions and rules are: Rules: * There are only three positions a disc can be placed. Poles A, B or C. * A disc can only go on top of a larger one. (I.e. Disc A can only go on top of Discs B and C, but Disc B cannot go on top of disc A) * The object of the game is to get all the discs to move from pole A to pole B of C in the least number of moves. * Only one disc may be moved at a time. Finding Formula A Number Of Discs Least Number Of Moves Previous term (Doubled) 1 1 2 3 2 3 7 6 4 15 14 5 31 30 6 63 62 7 127 126 8 255 254 From looking at the table it is quite clear that there is a pattern linking the number of discs and the least number of moves. It is clear that there is an element of doubling involved, as the least number of moves nearly doubles each time. When I add the extra column see above, it is clear that there is a doubling element involved. When I look again, I can see that the pattern is the previous term doubled plus 1. This can be expressed mathematically as: Un = 2(Un-1) +1 This can be shown in: 1. For 1 disc, it takes 1 move to move disc A from pole 1 to pole 3; 2. For 2 discs, it takes 3 moves: 2(Un-1) +1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3 3. For 3 discs, it takes 7 moves: 2(Un-1) +1= 2(3) + 1 = 7 4. For 4 discs, it takes 15 moves: 2(Un-1) +1= 2(7) + 1 = 15 5. For 5 discs, it takes 31 moves: 2(Un-1) +1= 2(15) + 1 = 31 To understand how this works, coding is needed to see how a disc moves individually. Coding should show me the patterns involved and then I should be able to justify my formula based on this. Coding is on the next page. Coding Number of Discs: 2 3 4 5 Disc Moving: A A A A B B B B A A A A C C C A A A B B B A A A D D A A B B A A C C A A B B A A E A B A C A B A D A B A C A B A From my coding it is now clearer why that formula is that particular formula. It can be seen that there is symmetry involved in each pattern. The symmetry is always about the name of the bottom disc. I.e. with 3 discs the symmetry is about disc C and this is the bottom disc From the coding, I can also see that the pattern of moves for 2 discs is present in the beginning of 3 discs, 4 discs etc. The pattern for 3 discs is also in the pattern for 4 discs and so on. This is can therefore be explained as: In n number of discs where n is greater than 2, the first three moves will always be ABA. This is because the n-1 discs pattern is included in the n pattern. We have (Un-1), because we take into account the previous terms pattern when making the next tower. We have the 2 term because this pattern is repeated twice, firstly to deconstruct the tower and then to rebuild the tower on top of the bottom disc. We have the +1 term because this is where the bottom disc moves from Pole A to Poles B or C. This can be demonstrated when we move three tiles. ABA This is the move pattern for 2 tiles (Un-1). This allows C to be able to move. C This is when the bottom tile moves and we therefore get the +1 from. ABA This is where the doubling element comes in as well as the n-1 discs moves pattern. This is where the tower is rebuilt on top of disc C. So overall, we get the formula: 2(Un-1) +1 There are limitations to this however. Un-1 has to be an integer because we cannot have 3.5 moves. Un-1 has to also be equal to or greater than 0 and has to be an integer because the formula wouldnt work as the result would be negative and we cannot have a negative number of moves. Formula B Finding the formula that shows how many times a certain disc moves From formula A I now have a basis on which to work. Given a certain number of discs I need to be able to say how many times a desired disc moves. Firstly, I need to analyze my results from the coding. Disc: Disc A Disc B Disc C Disc D Disc E Disc F Total Number of times each disc moves: 3 Discs 4 2 1 7 4 Discs 8 4 2 1 15 5 Discs 16 8 4 2 1 31 6 Discs 32 16 8 4 2 1 63 We can also once again see a pattern here. There is a doubling, well halving element involved depending on which way you look at it. The table above shows how many times a certain disc moves. Whenever a new disc is added to the sequence, such as in Disc 4, the number of moves for Disc A doubles. I.e. As you go down the table the number of moves for each disc doubles. When I look at the results, I notice that they are all from the 2n pattern. Therefore I can come up with the relationship for the number of times each disc moving being: Number of times a certain disc moves = 2n-d with d being the disc number. So in Disc A, the number for d would be 1, as this is the first disc. Disc B would be 2 etc. In the series for 6 discs, the terms would be Disc A: 2n-d = 26-1 = 32 Disc B: 2n-d = 26-2 = 16 Disc C: 2n-d = 26-3 = 8 Disc D: 2n-d = 26-4 = 4 Disc E: 2n-d = 26-5 = 2 Disc F: 2n-d = 26-6 = 1 This therefore works. Now I have to prove that this works. We can see that Disc B always moves half as many times as Disc A. If we do 2n we get how many times Disc A Moves always. If we do 2n-2 we get how many times disc B moves always. This is because as we take more away from 2n we get smaller and smaller until it ultimately converges to 0. Taking 1 away from this halves the number of moves; whereas taking 2 away quarters the number of moves. Disc B always moves less times than Disc A because of the recurring pattern. A has to move more times, because it has to keep going on top of the larger tiles as the rules state. A has more options to move than B because it is smaller. There are limitations to this however, because we cannot have d being greater than n because the formula would not work. It wouldnt work because we cannot have half of a move or a quarter of a move. We cannot also have n being less than 1 because of the same principal. The number of moves and the disc number have to also be an integer because we cannot have Disc A moving 3.5 times. The Link The series above is a geometric series. I know this because the difference is different each time. The general way to write a geometric series is: General: a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + arn-1 The terms: a is the starting number in the sequence. I will use a 6 tiled sequence so my starting number from the table will be 32 as this is the number of times disc A moves. Ratio r This is the amount that a is multiplied to get the next term. So 32 is multiplied by 0.5 to get 16. Our sequence is: S= 32 + 16 + 8 4 +2 +1 To get the sum of a geometric sequence, we need to multiply by the common ratio (0.5) S = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn-1 rS = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + +arn-1+ arn S-rS = a arn This can be expressed as S(1-r) = a(1-rn) Divide this by 1-r gives: a(1-rn) S= 1-r Before I can use this information however, I need to determine a formula to get a. I can use the formula I discovered above but just modify it slightly. To get a the formula is: 2n-1 as this is the formula for Disc A always. So the formula above instead of being 2n-d could have also been 2n-1 for the same principals. With n being the disc number you are trying to find. Disc 50 would be 249 and disc 3 would always be 22 and so on. Therefore I can now substitute in my values in a pile of 6 discs to get the formula that links formula A and B. To determine the ratio we have to just see how much the sequence is decreasing each time. 32 + 16+ 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 To get the next term suing the general geometric sequence rule, it says that we have to multiply 32 by a constant. a ar. So: a ar is the same as ar divided by a. 16 = 0.5. This is the ratio. 32 Therefore for the sum of my geometric series, the formula should be: a(1-rn) S= 1-r S = 25(1-0.56) 0.5 S= 31.5 = 63 0.5 Therefore the sum of a 6 termed series is 63. This can be proved by getting the formula for the previous term. S = 24(1-0.55) = 31 0.5 According to my earlier formula (Un = 2(Un-1) +1) when I substitute in I should get the answer 63. 2 x 31 + 1 = 63. This works because of the algebra of the general geometric sequences: S = a + ar +ar2 This is the rule for each term in the sequence: arn-1 or 2n-d I then multiplied by the common ratio (r) rS = ar + ar2 + ar3 This is the rule: arn Then I subtracted the sequence multiplied by the common ratio from the first sequence. This gave: S-rS = a arn = a(1-rn) Therefore S=a(1-rn) (1-r)) Limitations are: S has to be greater than 0 and has to be an integer a has to be positive and an integer r has to be an integer and greater than 0 Extension Work: Finding which pole the pile will be built upon. I have noticed from my work that when I had 3 discs on my pile, disc C landed on where I put disc A to start off with which was on Pole C. When I had 4 discs however, I noticed that the pile finished on where I did not place tile A which was Pole B. This can therefore be expressed as: If the number of discs in the pile to start with is even then the bottom disc will land where you place Disc A to start off with. If the number of discs in the pile is odd however, then the bottom disc in the pile will finish up on the pole where you did not place Disk A. Therefore where you put Disc A can be considered crucial to where you want your pile to land Overview: If I have 25 discs in my pile, I can expect there to be: 33554431 moves involved in the series. Disc A will move 16777216 times; whereas disc y will move only once. The Pile will end up on the pole where you place disc A, so if I leave it on pole B to start with, the pile will end up on Pole B. According to the monks in Hanoi, the world will end in over 500 Million Years. The problems with my investigation: I have realized that there are only 26 letters in the alphabet. With my system of labeling, it is impractical for me to label each disc A, B C etc because I will run out of letters. I will either have to name the poles ABC or call each disc past 26, A1 etc.

Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics The field of statistics is divided into two major divisions: descriptive and inferential. Each of these segments is important, offering different techniques that accomplish different objectives. Descriptive statistics describe what is going on in a  population  or  data set. Inferential statistics, by contrast, allow scientists to take findings from a sample group and generalize them to a larger population. The two types of statistics have some important differences. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics is the type of statistics that probably springs to most people’s minds when they hear the word â€Å"statistics.† In this branch of statistics, the goal is to describe. Numerical measures are used to tell about features of a set of data. There are a number of items that belong in this portion of statistics, such as: The average, or measure of the center of a data set, consisting of the mean, median, mode, or midrangeThe spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range or standard deviationOverall descriptions of data such as the five number summaryMeasurements such as skewness and kurtosisThe exploration of relationships and correlation between paired dataThe presentation of statistical results in graphical form These measures are important and useful because they allow scientists to see patterns among data, and thus to make sense of that data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the population or data set under study: The results cannot be generalized to any other group or population. Types of Descriptive Statistics There are two kinds of descriptive statistics that social scientists use: Measures of central tendency  capture general trends within the data and are calculated and expressed as the mean,  median, and  mode. A mean tells scientists the mathematical average of all of a data set, such as the average age at first marriage; the median represents the middle of the data distribution, like the age that sits in the middle of the range of ages at which people first marry; and, the mode might be the most common age at which people first marry. Measures of spread  describe how the data are distributed and relate to each other, including: The range, the entire range of values present in a data setThe  frequency distribution, which defines how many times a particular value occurs within a data setQuartiles, subgroups formed within a data set when all values are divided into four equal parts across the rangeMean absolute deviation, the average of how much each value deviates from the meanVariance, which illustrates how much of a spread exists in the dataStandard deviation, which illustrates the spread of data relative to the mean Measures of spread are often visually represented in tables, pie and bar charts, and histograms to aid in the understanding of the trends within the data. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics are produced through complex mathematical calculations that allow scientists to infer trends about a larger population based on a study of a sample taken from it. Scientists use inferential statistics to examine the relationships between variables within a sample and then make generalizations or predictions about how those variables will relate  to  a larger population. It is usually impossible to examine each member of the population individually. So scientists choose a representative subset of the population, called a  statistical sample, and from this analysis, they are able to say something about the population from which the sample came. There are two major divisions of inferential statistics: A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the population by measuring a statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an interval and the degree of confidence that the parameter is within the interval.Tests of significance or hypothesis testing  where scientists make a claim about the population by analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some uncertainty in this process. This can be expressed in terms of a level of significance. Techniques that social scientists use to examine the relationships between variables, and thereby to create inferential statistics, include linear regression analyses,  logistic regression analyses,  ANOVA,  correlation analyses,  structural equation modeling, and survival analysis. When conducting research using inferential statistics, scientists conduct a test of significance to determine whether they can  generalize their results to a larger population. Common tests of significance include  the  chi-square  and  t-test. These tell scientists the probability that the results of their  analysis of the sample are representative of the population as a whole. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics Although descriptive statistics is helpful in learning things such as the spread and center of the data, nothing in descriptive statistics can be used to make any generalizations. In descriptive statistics, measurements such as the mean and standard deviation are stated as exact numbers. Even though inferential statistics uses some similar calculations - such as the mean and standard deviation - the focus is different for inferential statistics. Inferential statistics start with a sample and then generalizes to a population. This information about a population is not stated as a number. Instead, scientists express these parameters as a range of potential numbers, along with a degree of confidence.

Comparing Lean and Agile Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparing Lean and Agile Strategies - Essay Example Kanban is a Japanese expression that stands for ‘card’ or ‘visible’. It was initially established by Taiichi Onho to manage manufacturing processes and execute JIT producing at Toyota production firms in Japan. Kanban is an indication card that contains data concerning amounts of the item to be manufactured, the source of the item, and destination of the item. Execution of Kanban introduces a pull atmosphere in the institution. Applying Kanban, operators manufacture items according to the used items information other than the projected information ( Less, Abrahamsson & Oza 2010, Pg. 49). The Kanban strategy is devised to ease material handling and stock control. Instead of piling the materials released to the manufacturing close to the line in huge amounts, smaller amounts of materials are physically available at the point of consumption on the line and restocked simply when a Kanban or indication is produced. From the advantages of Kanban, it is evident tha t presentation metrics of PD like cost, release time, and suppleness may be enhanced. For example, because of enhanced flow and developed reaction to shift in demand, there shall be enhanced in delivery time and suppleness. Through executing Kanban, there shall be low stock, through which the stock storing charge will be lowered, therefore as well lowering institutional cost. Main policies of Kanban application include: - Simply manufacture items to replace the items used by the consumer

Mosaic Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Mosaic Art - Research Paper Example The history of mosaic art has a foundation that goes back to 4000 years or more, in the early cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome and Byzantine. Each of these empires developed a unique and distinctive style to their mosaics, and their influences have been transmitted to other cultures throughout history and affect mosaic artists in our modern day. Historians have a hard time pin pointing the exact origins of this ancient art. Evidence tells us that mosaics originated in southern Mesopotamia and were first made with Terra Cotta cones embedded in the walls and columns of buildings. These cones were colored and laid in geometric patterns then tightly pressed tightly together into a wall coated with a thick layer of wet plaster. This technique was termed Cone mosaic. These cones were used to decorate monumental mud-brick cult and palace architecture. By the eighth century BC, there were pebble pavements, using different stones to create patterns, although these tended to be unstructured decoration. It was the Greeks, in the fourth century BC who raised the pebble technique to an art form, with precise geometric patterns and detailed scenes of people and animals. By 200 BC, specially manufactured pieces – â€Å"tesserae† were being used to give extra detail and range of color to work. Using small tesserae, sometimes only a few millimeters in size, meant that mosaics could imitate paintings. Many of the mosaics preserved at Pompeii were the work of Greek artists.

Answer 7 Questions materials provided - Training and Development Essay

Answer 7 Questions materials provided - Training and Development Questions - Essay Example b) Nominate one publication from the NCVER Statistics publications that you can access, which addresses the statistics of participation in ACE. (NB if not available electronically, how will you access it?) (2 marks) Karmel, T. & Mlotkowski, P. 2008, ‘School-based apprenticeships and traineeships’, NCVER, National Centre for Vocational Education Research. Retrieved 3 April 2009 from http://www.ncver.edu.au/statistics/aag/schoolbased/sp08010.pdf Of the six articles and books located in the search of the NCVER website VOCED database listed in the Topic Notes, which one is available in the UNE library, and which author has another publication available in the UNE library. Give full bibliographic details and the relevant call numbers from the UNE catalogue. Australian Association of Adult and Community Education, 1992, ‘Striking a balance: adult and community education in Australian towards 2000 / edited by Roger Harris and Peter Willis’, UNE, Centre for Human Resource Studies. Call number: 374.994/A938s. Retrieved 3 April 2009 from http://biblio.une.edu.au.ezproxy.une.edu.au/cgi-bin/chameleon?sessionid=2009040401184001311&skin=une&lng=en&inst=consortium&conf=.%2fchameleon.conf&host=biblio.une.edu.au%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&SourceScreen=INITREQ&scant1=Striking%20a%20balance%3a%20adult%20and%20community%20education%20in%20Australian%20towards%202000%20%2f%20edited%20by%20Roger%20Harri&scanu1=4&elementcount=1&t1=Striking%20a%20balance%3a%20adult%20and%20community%20education%20in%20Australian%20towards%202000%20%2f%20edited%20by%20Roger%20Harri&u1=4&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=SCAN&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=329794&authidu=4 a) Identify at least one useful article (for the essay assignment) by the author K Schofield that you accessed via the UNE library. Give accurate bibliographic details and the call number (refer to the UNE Referencing Guide for the bibliographic details). Schofield, K. 1996, ‘ACE-VET : is it delivering?

Developing Policies for Avian Flu in Bangladesh

Developing Policies for Avian Flu in Bangladesh Introduction: Highly pathogenic H5N1 was first reported in 2007 and since then the disease has devastated effect on poultry industry of Bangladesh. Since its introduction into Bangladesh, the H5N1 has evolved continuously. H5N1-H9N2 co-infection and reassortment event in H5N1 has been documented in Bangladesh. All those provide evidence of emergence of novel viruses, due to reassortment, in Bangladesh. For example H7N9 has been reported as a reassortant strain which have pandemic potential i.e deadly for human life (1). Objectives of the project: To develop policies for both low and high pathogenic avian influenza viruses present or at risk of entering Bangladesh, The economic analysis for the high pathogenic strains assume that their economic effects are similar to those of H5N1. In this review I emphasized on the population at risk and occurrence and distribution of HPAI and LPAI in Bangladesh. Population at risk: H5N1 has been reported in chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, turkeys, pet birds (2-10) and wild bird (2, 11) such as lesser whistling ducks (4) and crow (5, 10). H5N1 has also been documented in the poultry samples of live bird market (LBM) (12), commercial farms (FAO classified the farming system: three (3)) (13) and local chicken (14). In LBM, chicken, ducks and quail were the three species of LBM from H5N1 has been isolated most (4). AI virus has been reported also from environmental samples (4-6). In human (15), H5N1 has been documented in children (16, 17) workers of poultry market (18-20) and poultry farm (19). H7N9 has been reported in chicken, quail, goose, duck and pigeon (8). H9N2 was reported in chicken (Parent stock (layer) (21)), duck, goose, pigeon and quail (8). A study reported that H9N2 was more prevalent in chickens while H5N1 was reported dominantly in ducks and goose in compare to chicken (8). Occurrence and distribution Geographic distribution in your country: HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 is an endemic poultry disease in Bangladesh and has been occurred throughout the country (2, 4, 20, 22). Those two HPAI and LPAI two have been circulated together at poultry market since 2008 (4). LPAI H9N2 has been circulated persistently in bird markets (4) while H5N1 have sporadic infection among LBM workers in Bangladesh (20). The disease has been distributed in retail market such as live poultry market, pet bird market, commercial farms (4, 6, 12, 13, 20) and wetland of Bangladesh such as Baikka Beel Hakaluki hoar, Tanguar Haors of Sylhet division and Jahangirnagar university lake of Dhaka division (11, 23). In Bangladesh, clade 2.3.2.1 was in reported from crow and bird market (4, 5) whereas clades 2.2.2 was reported in bird markets (4). Clade 2.2 reported in northwest–southeast direction whereas clade 2.3.2.1 reported mainly in north–south direction of central Bangladesh(24). Jamalpur district (Sarishari upazilla) reported as the HPAI outbreak epicentre for indigenous poultry in Bangladesh (25). H5N1 has followed Northwest–Southeast oblique line during phase I outbreak. The disease has reported nearly from all over the country with an exception in south region in phase II outbreak. In phase III outbreak, the disease has been extended to new areas from where there was no HPAI has been reported in earlier two phases (11). Fig.: Distribution H5N1 HPAI between 2007 and 2012 (1) Geographic distribution in other countries where epidemiology of the disease is likely to be similar: Khan et al. (2014) found close similarities in avian influenza virus clade 2.3.2.1 of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Myanmar and proposed a common AI antecedent in the area (5). Three clades such as clades 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2.1 has been linked with human outbreak in Vietnam (18) and there was a changes in clade circulation over the time in Vietnam and also in China (26). In other countries, H5N1 has been reported commonly from Red River Delta area and sporadically from highland areas of Vietnam(27). H5N1 has been reported in live bird market workers of Vietnam (18) and Hong Kong (20). H5N1 has also been reported in lower-Northern of Thailand (27). In India, the AI occurred mostly in backyard chicken of West Bengal (97%) and Assam (94%) states, while in Tripura state the AI reported only in 37% of backyard chicken (28). Prevalence in your country: Overall 0.87%-22.05% samples were positive for Avian influenza virus (AIV) Type A in Bangladesh (2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 23). AIV has been documented in migratory bird (3.93%), LBM chicken (7.06%), duck (1.68%-39.76%) (2, 3, 8, 23), pigeon (5.26%) (2), quail (8.5%)(3) and goose (9.09%) (8) of Bangladesh. Among chickens, AIV has been reported in broiler (12%-12.5%), layer (15%-62.5%) and local (0%-25%) chicken (8, 29). One study documented higher AI prevalence in hens (10.83%) in compare to cocks (8.65%) (14). AI was more prevalent in >34 weeks bird (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks birds (14). Avian influenza Type A virus was detected with Antigen test kit and reported, prevalence was high in Dhaka district and Gazipur district while lowest was reported in Mymensingh (0.0%) (29). H5N1 antibodies has been documented at low level in wild birds (0.09%) of wetlands such as Tanguar Haor and Hakaluki Haor (23). A study reported 5% H5N1 seroprevalence in live bird market (LBM) worker (20) while another study documented no farm workers and bird market worker in positive for H5N1 in Bangladesh even though they had history of regular contact with sick and moribund poultry (19). About 2% seroconversion per year has been documented in poultry worker of Bangladesh (20). Khatun et al. (2013) documented the AIV type A winter season sero-prevalence during December 2009-February 2012 period and documented highest rate in December 2009-February 2010 (43.8 9%) which followed by December 2010-February 2011 (38.50% ) and December 2011-February 2012 (34.8 3%). The seasonal prevalence of AIV type A from Dec’2009-Feb’2010 (26 .89%), Dec’2010-Feb’2011 (18.50%) and December 2011-February 2012 (18.33%) respectively (page 3). The overall sero-prevalence of AIV type A in three successive winter seasons was recorded as 39.76% (23). In Feni district, overall 0%-25% AIV type A seroprevalence has been documented at union level (14). Co-infection (H5N1-H9N2) in poultry has been reported in Bangladesh (4, 6). For example, a study isolated 975 H9N2 and 66 H5N1 from a total of 19897 samples (4) while another study isolated H5N1 (92), H9N2 (734) and 62 other strain such as from 17,438 samples in Bangladesh (23). Of 22 avian influenza sample, a study identified 8 sample positive for H5N1, 4 samples positive for H7N9 and 10 samples positive for H9N2) positive samples (8). H10N7, H1N2, H1N3, H4N2, H3N6 and H3N8 has also been detected in duck population of Bangladesh (4, 23). Avian influenza virus Type A co-infected with new castle virus (9.90 %) has also been documented in Bangladesh (23). Prevalence in other countries where epidemiology of the disease is likely to be similar: Nasreen et al. (2013) H5N1 seroprevalence in bird market worker of Bangladesh study findings had similarities with Nigera, Indonesia and Vietnam study findings where no farm workers and bird market worker were found positive for H5N1 (19). AI was more prevalent in >34 weeks poultry (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks poultry in Bangladesh (14). Similar pattern has been documented in duck of Nepal for example duck >1 year older was 2 times more seropositive to AI virus than duck 7). Incidence: In Bangladesh, Nasreen et al. (2015) estimated that â€Å"the H5N1 incidence: 7 cases per 100 bird worker–years and annual incidence 50 cases per 721 enlisted poultry workers† (20). Biswas et al. (2011) estimated the higher mortality rate in backyard chickens (0.0703/day) followed by broiler (0.0341/day), breeder (0.0215/day), layer (0.0179/day) and suggested that higher mortality in backyard chicken due to scavenging feeding and co-infection with other disease. In addition Biswas et al. (2011) stated that the findings did not provide evidence to the people faith that local chickens are less prone to H5N1 infection than hybrids chicken (30). Reference 1.Islam MR. Global and local challenges in the control of avian influenza. 9th International Poultry Show Seminar; Dhaka, Bangladesh: World Poultry Science Association-Bangladesh Branch; 2015. p. 5-14. 2.Rahman MH, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, Hasan M, Mahmud MS, Hoque MA, et al. Bio-molecular Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus from Different Species of Birds in Bangladesh. Immunology and Infectious Diseases. 2015 2015;3(1):7-10. 3.Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Alam S, Hasan M, et al. Genesis of avian influenza H9N2 in Bangladesh. Emerging Microbes Infections. 2014 2014;3(12). 4.Marinova-Petkova A, Feeroz MM, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Jones-Engel L, et al. Multiple introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses into Bangladesh. Emerging Microbes Infections. 2014 2014;3(2). 5.Khan SU, Berman L, Haider N, Gerloff N, Rahman MZ, Shu B, et al. Investigating a crow die-off in January–February 2011 during the introduction of a new clade of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 into Bangladesh. Archives of virology. 2014 2014;159(3):509-18. 6.Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Smith GJD, Fourment M, Walker D, et al. Antigenic and molecular characterization of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2013 2013;19(9). 7.Karki S, Lupiani B, Budke CM, Manandhar S, Ivanek R. Cross-sectional Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Antibodies Presence in Domestic Ducks of Kathmandu, Nepal. Zoonoses and public health. 2014 2014;61(6):442-8. 8.Haque ME. Detection and differentiation of avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from healthy farm birds in bangladesh by conventional and molecular techniques. Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Agricultural University; 2014. 9.Khaleda S, Murayama Y. Geographic Concentration and Development Potential of Poultry Microenterprises and Value Chain: A Study Based on Suitable Sites in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Social Sciences. 2013 2013;2(3):147-67. 10.Islam MR, Haque ME, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury EH, Samad MA, Parvin R, et al. New introduction of clade 2.3. 2.1 avian influenza virus (H5N1) into Bangladesh. Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2012 2012;59(5):460-3. 11.Parvin R, Kamal AHM, Haque ME, Chowdhury EH, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, et al. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus from live migratory birds in Bangladesh. Virus genes. 2014 2014;49(3):438-48. 12.Monne I, Yamage M, Dauphin G, Claes F, Ahmed G, Giasuddin M, et al. Reassortant avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses with H9N2-PB1 gene in poultry, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2013 2013;19(10). 13.Biswas PK, Rahman MH, Das A, Ahmed SSU, Giasuddin M, Christensen JP. Risk for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Infection in Chickens in Small-Scale Commercial Farms, in a High-Risk Area, Bangladesh, 2008. Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2011 2011;58(6):519-25. 14.Nooruddin GM, Hossain MT, Mohammad M, Rahman MM. Sero-epidemiology of avian influenza virus in native chicken in Bangladesh. Int J Poult Sci. 2006 2006;5:1029-33. 15.Kerkhove MD. Brief literature review for the WHO global influenza research agenda–highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 risk in humans. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2013 2013;7(s2):26-33. 16.icddr b. First confirmed human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in Bangladesh. Health and Science Bulletin. 2008;6:1-6. 17.Brooks WA, Alamgir ASM, Sultana R, Islam MS, Rahman M, Fry AM, et al. Avian influenza virus A (H5N1), detected through routine surveillance, in child, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2009 2009;15(8). 18.Dung TC, Dinh PN, Nam VS, Tan LM, Hang NLK, Thanh LT, et al. Seroprevalence survey of avian influenza A (H5N1) among live poultry market workers in northern Viet Nam, 2011. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR. 2014 2014;5(4). 19.Nasreen S, Khan SU, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Hancock K, Veguilla V, Wang D, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus among poultry workers in Bangladesh, 2009. PloS one. 2013 2013;8(9). 20.Nasreen S, Khan SU, Luby SP, Gurley ES, Abedin J, Zaman RU, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection among Workers at Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh, 2009–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2015;21(4):629-37. 21.Jannat N, Chowdhury EH, Parvin R, Begum JA, Giasuddin M, Khan MA, et al. Investigation of an Outbreak of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry in Bangladesh. International Journal of Livestock Research. 2013 2013;3(4):21-32. 22.Loth L, Gilbert M, Osmani MG, Kalam AM, Xiao X. Risk factors and clusters of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in Bangladesh. Preventive veterinary medicine. 2010 2010;96(1):104-13. 23.Khatun A, Giasuddin M, Islam KM, Khanom S, Samad MA, Islam MR, et al. Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh. BMC veterinary research. 2013 2013;9(1). 24.Osmani MG, Ward MP, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, Kalam A. The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) clades in Bangladesh, 2010 and 2011. Preventive veterinary medicine. 2014 2014;114(1):21-7. 25.Biswas PK, Christensen JP, Ahmed SSU, Barua H, Das A, Rahman MH, et al. Avian influenza outbreaks in chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2008 2008;14(12). 26.Haque ME, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Molecular evolution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh between 2007 and 2012. Avian Pathology. 2014 2014;43(2):183-94. 27.Paul MC, Gilbert M, Desvaux S, Andriamanivo HR, Peyre M, Khong NV, et al. Agro-environmental determinants of avian influenza circulation: A multisite study in Thailand, Vietnam and Madagascar. PloS one. 2014 2014;9(7). 28.Dhingra MS, Dissanayake R, Negi AB, Oberoi M, Castellan D, Thrusfield M, et al. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in poultry in eastern India. Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology. 2014 2014;11:45-57. 29.Rahman S, Rabbani MG, Uddin MJ, Chakrabartty A, Her M. Prevalence of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses Using Rapid Antigen Detection Kit in Poultry in Some Areas of Bangladesh. Acta Microbiologica. 2012 2012;3(1). 30.Biswas PK, Christensen JP, Ahmed SSU, Barua H, Das A, Rahman MH, et al. Mortality rate and clinical features of highly pathogenic avian influenza in naturally infected chickens in Bangladesh. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz. 2011 2011;30(3):871-8. 1