Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics

Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics Falalalala is the French adaptation of Deck the Halls. They are sung to a similar tune, yet the verses are very extraordinary. The interpretation given here is the exacting interpretation of the French Christmas song. Que lon chante quon sapprà ªteFa la, la laSonnez pipeaux et trompettesFa la, la laCar cest la joie quon apporteFa la, la, la laOuvrez donc grandes vos portesFa la, la.           Let us sing let us get readyFa la, la laRing channels and trumpetsFa la, la laSince its happiness that we bringFa la, la, la laOpen your entryways wideFa la, la Dans les villes et les villagesFa la, la laRà ©pandons notre messageFa la, la laProclamons la joie profondeFa la, la, la laQue Dieu a donnã © au mondeFa la, la           In urban communities and townsFa la, la laLet us spread our messageFa la, la laLet us announce the significant joyFa la, la, la laThat God has given the worldFa la, la Voici les cloches qui sonnentFa la, la laQue le nouvel a nous donneFa la, la laUn coeur rempli de tendresseFa la, la, la laCest la in addition to beauty richesseFa la, la           Here are the tickers chimingFa la, la laMay the new year give usFa la, la laA heart brimming with tendernessFa la, la, la laIts the most excellent wealthFa la, la

The Word Nigger Essays -- Definition History Nigga Nigger Black Essays

The Word Nigger â€Å"My niggas. A few niggas that you don’t wanna attempt.  â â â â My niggas. A few niggas that’s truly sink or swim.  â â â â My niggas. Ain’t done living a falsehood.  â â â â My niggas is stong. My niggas is real.†      Does this craftsman utilize the word nigger similarly that racists have and still are? The response to this inquiry is a basic one-no. Today’s urban culture have changed, the definition, yet additionally the spelling of this word, which was once used to disparage those of African-American better than average. Presently, the definition as demonstrated through today’s urban youth holds numerous indications positive and negative. In any case, has the definition truly changed? Or on the other hand are today’s urban culture simply being uninformed and socially blinded by the hardships of our precursors as they keep on utilizing a word that held such incredible racial strain when utilized in the 1800’s? Two responses for this one-yes and no. Indeed the definition has changed, however not absolutely to where it’s point of reference has been overlooked. Indeed, urban youth are so socially ground-breaking that they can take a word and absolute ly flip it and use it inside themselves yet when one of another race utilizes it, they return it back to the old definition and the racial comments start.      The meanings of the word nigger are as per the following: 1.â â â â â a Negro 2.â â â â â loosely or mistakenly applied to individuals from darker looking race 3.â â â â â a profane hostile term of threatening vibe and disdain as utilized by Negrophobes Nigger (historical underpinnings) 1.     Latin niger gets Spanish and Portugese Negro utilized in France for â€Å"black man† particularly in Africa adjusted by the English 2.â â â â â latin niger, for dark, happens in such stream names as the Rio Negro in South America and the Niger f Central West Africa. At the point when utilized by a white individual to portray a dark or African American individual, this can be the most derisive frightful, hostile term in the language today. This word in American discourse goes back to the late sixteenth century, despite the fact that the cutting edge spelling doesn't show up until two centuries later. The old spelling niger dates to 1574. It gets from the Latin niger significance dark. It imparts this normal root to negro. The principal recorded utilization of the word nigger was in 1786 out of a sonnet by Robert Burns yet minor departure from it including negar, neger, and niger are recorded two centuries before at that point. The disagreeableness of the term has expanded ov... ...ds noticeable all around and shout. In this postulation, I’ve really took in a couple of things. From looking into the word in historical underpinnings books, I presumed that the general public has come to understand that we do utilize the word among ourselves however never to the degree to which it has been utilized hundreds of years back towards our precursors. One book cites â€Å"†¦African Americans regularly utilize the word in various manners among themelves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1. DMX, Interlude, (Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood, 1998) 2. â€Å"Nigger.† The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ed. 1973 3. DMX, Interlude, (Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood, 1998) 4. â€Å"Nigger.† The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ed. 1973 5. â€Å"Nigger† Webster’s Third New International Dictionry 6. â€Å"Nigger† A Short Etymologica Dictionary of Modern English ORIGINS ed 1966 7. â€Å"Nigga† Dictionary for American Slang ed. 1995 8. Twain, Mark Hulckeberry Finn 9. Rice Jr., Earl The O.J.Simpson Trial San Diego, CA:Lucent Books Inc, 1997 10. Peterson, Nina. Individual meeting. 2 June 2000 11. Punisher, Big. Watch Those! (Yeaah Baby!, 2000) 12. Heavy traffic (film) 13. Scoop, Fat Man, Brooklyn Clan (Hot 97’s blend tape) 14. â€Å"Nigger† Encyclopedia of Word and Phase Origins ed 1997

The Definition and Use of a Cross-Sectional Study

The Definition and Use of a Cross-Sectional Study Student Resources Print How Does the Cross-Sectional Research Method Work? Advantages and Challenges By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 16, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2019 More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Cross-Sectional Studies Defining Characteristics Advantages Challenges Comparisons View All Back To Top A cross-sectional study involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. Verywell / Jessica Olah How and When Cross-Sectional Studies Are Used The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. Cross-sectional studies are often used in developmental psychology, but this method is also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups of people who are different ages but investigate them at one point in time. By doing this, any differences between the age groups can presumably be attributed to age differences rather than something that happened over time. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational, meaning that you cant use them to determine the cause of something, such as a disease. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a community, but not to determine cause-and-effect relationships between different variables. This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationships or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation. The Defining Characteristics of Cross-Sectional Studies Some of the key characteristics of a cross-sectional study include:?? The study takes place at a single point in timeIt does not involve manipulating variablesIt allows researchers to look at numerous characteristics at once (age, income, gender, etc.)Its often used to look at the prevailing characteristics in a given populationIt can provide information about what is happening in a current population Think of a cross-sectional study as a snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time. Unlike longitudinal studies that look at a group of people over an extended period, cross-sectional studies are used to describe what is happening at the present moment. This type of research is frequently used to determine the  prevailing characteristics in a population at a certain point in time. For example, a cross-sectional study might be used to determine if exposure to specific risk factors might correlate with particular outcomes. A researcher might collect cross-sectional data on past smoking habits and current diagnoses of lung cancer, for example. While this type of study cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect, it can provide a quick look at correlations that may exist at a particular point. For example, researchers may find that people who reported engaging in certain health behaviors were also more likely to be diagnosed with specific ailments. While a cross-sectional study cannot prove for certain that these behaviors caused the condition, such studies can point to a relationship worth investigating further. Advantages Some of the advantages of cross-sectional studies include: Theyre inexpensive and fast.  Cross-sectional studies are usually relatively inexpensive and allow researchers to collect a great deal of information quite quickly. Data is often obtained using self-report surveys and researchers are then able to amass large amounts of information from a large pool of participants.They allow different variables.  Researchers can collect data on some different variables to see how differences in sex, age, educational status, and income might correlate with the critical variable of interest.They pave the way for further study.  While cross-sectional studies cannot be used to determine causal relationships, they can provide a useful springboard to further research. When looking at a public health issue, such as whether a particular behavior might be linked to a particular illness, researchers might utilize a cross-sectional study to look for clues that will serve as a useful tool to guide further experimental studies. For example, researchers might be i nterested in learning how exercise influences cognitive health as people age. They might collect data from different age groups on how much exercise they get and how well they perform on cognitive tests. Performing such a study can give researchers clues about the types of exercise that might be the most beneficial to cognitive health and inspire further experimental research on the subject. Challenges Some of the potential challenges of cross-sectional studies include: Does not differentiate cause and effect: There are other variables that can affect the relationship between the inferred cause and outcomes.Cohort differences:  Groups can be affected by cohort differences that arise from the particular experiences of a unique group of people. Individuals born during the same period may share important historical experiences, but people in that group who are born in a given geographic region may share experiences limited solely to their physical location. Individuals who were alive during the invasion of Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, or 9/11 might have shared experiences that make them different from other age groups, for example.Report biases: Surveys or questionnaires about certain aspects of peoples lives may not always result in accurate reporting. Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Studies This type of research differs from longitudinal studies in that cross-sectional studies are designed to look at a variable at a particular point in time. Longitudinal studies involve taking multiple measures over an extended period. As you might imagine, longitudinal studies tend to require more resources and are often more expensive than cross-sectional resources. They are also more likely to be influenced by what is known as selective attrition, which means that some individuals are simply more likely to drop out of a study than others, which can influence the validity of the study. One of the advantages of cross-sectional studies is that since data is collected all at once, its less likely that participants will quit the study before data is fully collected. A Word From Verywell Cross-sectional studies can be a useful research tool in many areas of health research. By learning more about what is going on in a specific population, researchers are better able to understand relationships that might exist between certain variables and develop further studies that explore these conditions in greater depth.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 2099 Words

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is â€Å"a mental condition that can affect a person who has had a very shocking or difficult experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, etc.† (Merriam-Webster’s, n.d.) Post-traumatic stress disorder can occur after seeing a dangerous event such as war, hurricanes, car accidents, death of a loved one, and violent crimes. It can affect a victim mind, body, and the people around them. While some mental disorders are genetic, this disorder come from the things that people encounter in life. This paper will discuss the risk factor involved with post-traumatic stress disorder as well as treatments that will help overcome it and future research and approaches to treat this psychiatric illness.†¦show more content†¦It is common in war veterans because they deal with the common symptom of flashbacks. A person suffering from this may be able to mentally be sent back to the time and location of the original traumat ic experience. This can be triggered by something small such as a noise, smell, or any specific thing. A person who is serving their country put himself or herself at risk of PTSD just by being in the war. They do not necessarily have to return fire or have a lot of exposure to the combat to suffer. Research by McLay et al. (2014) supports this theory with self-reported symptoms of PTSD and depression that were examined among service members who reported being shot at or attacked by an IED. It included that they may become higher in risk for PTSD because the helplessness of being unable to return fire against the enemy had shown relations to PTSD and injuries sustained in war make them more vulnerable to it as well. McLay et al. (2014) results also showed that those who been attacked but not shot at the enemy had less severe symptoms than those who had exchanged fire. Studying the brain has been an affective result in finding out the various neurochemicals that are involved with PTSD. Brain imaging systems nowadays focus on two brain structures, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The amygdala is involved with how we learn about our fear and hippocampus plays a role with our memory formation. Some research focuses on a hormonal system known as hypothalamic-pituitaryShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

Sigmund Freud s Frankenstein - 1299 Words

Sigmund Freud lays out an understanding instances of the definition of the uncanny. It was based on his psychoanalytic work to treat behavioral disorders and he contend that the human’s behavior is affected by their unconscious that was driven by desires, fears, needs and conflict that they are unware of; he explained the definition of the uncanny which is â€Å"the uncanny is that class of the frightening which lead back to what is known of old and long familiar.† One can see the relation of the uncanny to May Shelley’s Frankenstein, the monster that was created by the character named Victor Frankenstein was greeted with fear by the people he meets. The monster’s treatment of fear put him under the category of Sigmund Freud’s The Uncanny. we see a point of commonality where the relation of the Freudian theory and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is implying towards to each other. This implication reveals The Uncanny and Mary Shelley’s Frank enstein to fear itself as it shows the theory of the uncanny and using the counterevidence from the text to reflect critically back to the theory itself. Freud explained the subject of the uncanny in terms of what is freighting and what caused frightening in the quote, â€Å"the subject of the uncanny is a province of this kind. It is undoubtedly related to what is frightening- to what arouses dread and horror, equally certainly, too, the word is not used in a clearly definable sense, so that it tends to coincide with what excites fear in general†Show MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Frankenstein 1361 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud layed out an understanding instances of the definition of the uncanny. It was based on his psychoanalytic work to treat behavioral disorders. He contended that the human’s behavior is affected by their unconscious that was driven by desires, fears, needs and conflict that they are unware of. He explained the definition of the uncanny which â€Å"the uncanny is that class of the frightening which lead back to what is known of old and long familiar.† One can see the relation of the uncann yRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 Pageswriting structures of the celebrated authors around her time period. She did this by empowering her main character, Victor Frankenstein, with the enlightenment values of individualism and self exploration; only in a very pessimistic and gloomy way. Through careful analysis of quotes from Mary Shelley s frankenstein from a psychoanalytic view we can reveal some of mary Shelley s true motives in how she designed her characters. Psychology is all about finding motives. It’s all about finding out whyRead MoreThe Concept Of Self Identity1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of Self-Identity, and the theories that relate to it, are ever-present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The concept of Self-Identity is a Psychological concept that many famous Psychologists have spent years studying. The main theories of self-identity that relate to the story of Frankenstein are those by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The ideas of Sigmund Freud’s concept of Superego, Id, and Ego are represented by Victor’s father, the creation, and Victor withRead MoreVision And The Act Of Looking1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ocular Spectatorship Vision and the act of looking is an important and recurring theme in many horror films. In early gothic literature, such as in Guy de Maupassant s Le Horla, the author presents vision as definitive and universal proof and stresses the importance of seeing as well as the act of showing gore. As a society, we are routinely told ‘seeing is believing in the wake of any paranormal or supernatural phenomena, placing weight on the tangible. However, as science and technologyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1822 Words   |  8 Pagesnovella also strongly suggests that there more that just a moral divide between the two personas, there is an evolutionary divide as well. In the language that Stevenson uses to describe Hyde, shows how deeply he had been influenced by Charles Darwin s theory on the origins of species. Hyde is often described using such words as â€Å"troglodytic† â€Å"dwarfish† and â€Å"hardly human†. Enfield’s when recoun ting his first strange encounter with Mr Hyde attempts describe him to Utterson: He is not easy to describeRead MoreComparison of the Tempest and Forbidden Planet Essay1836 Words   |  8 Pagesdraws on two outside influences, or parentages, to help adapt The Tempest into FP. Both Freudian psychology and the science fiction genre were used to help shape FP. The film draws on Freudian psychology when referring to the Id-monster. It was â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s concept of multipartite mentality of primal id, conscious ego, and moral superego† (Knighten, Para 4) that gave light to the idea of the Id-monster. Freud’s psychology then was an inspiration for the monster in FP because without his influenceRead MoreJudith Butlers Perception of the Female in the Modern Era: Gender Identity and the Act of Becoming in Cindy Shermans History Portraits6698 Words   |  27 Pagesdebatable but the work stands on its own and its meaning is open to interpretation. The portrayal of the self especially of the female self had been under a Freudian assault since Edward Bernays began using sex in advertising (Jones, 2000). Nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays realized the untapped potential that sexual innuendo could hold over American audiences everywhere: it could leave on spellbound, virtually obedient to every suggestion that the purveyor of goods wished to proffer. By divorcing the sexRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesraining there, it’s not snowing. Here is an analysis of it in sentential logic: R is the sentence It will rain there. S is the sentence It will snow there. Then the pattern of the above argument is R or S, but not both R and S. R that science is a systematic way of explaining and predicting events. Science is not merely a systematic collection of facts. 135 So, Not-S and that is the form of a valid argument in sentential logic. In this analysis of the argument, the definitions are

Sociological Issues In Education Education Essay Free Essays

Throughout history, instructors have dealt with many inquiries that remain unresolved today. These of import questions address the nature of cognition, instruction, schooling, learning and larning. They deal with such issues as personal and group rights to take part in schooling, and how educational chances were frequently limited by gender, race, and socioeconomic category prejudices. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Issues In Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different Ways of Learning For many old ages, the particular demands of kids with disablements have been neglected in the society and have been excluded from schools. Today, Federal Torahs and tribunals of jurisprudence have required that their particular demands be considered to guarantee an equal instruction ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Most outstanding is the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) which requires that kids with disablements instruction plans be every bit near as possible to the mainstream plans therefore inclusion. Whereas inclusion has been noted to hold a positive impact on the schoolroom environment, it is disputing for the instructor and therefore more support for the instructor is necessary. Inclusion poses assorted challenges to the instructor in the schoolroom. First, bulk of instructors are non trained to manage the demands of particular pupils and are normally ill-prepared ensuing to defeat. A survey carried out by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) study that instructors feel â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ill equipped, fright and frustratedaˆÂ ¦ † in inclusion. Second, as reported by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) specializer points of equipment and the general school design does non ever let handicapped entree. Some handicapped pupils will necessitate particular installations which the ordinary schools do non usually supply or particular installations that mainstream schools did non integrate in their design. Such tools as wheel chair entree, Braille, and other particular equipments may non be available for the pupils. Finally, instructors do non normally get the necessary support from the school decision makers, the parents, and the society in general ( Daane A ; Bern e-Smith, 2000 ) . Whereas inclusion has received both support and unfavorable judgment, one thing remains clear, that it has posed a particular challenge for the instructor in the schoolroom. The deficiency of equal preparation and necessary resources leaves the instructor ill-prepared to get by with the demands of the particular kids. It is of import that necessary support is accorded to the instructor in footings of equal resources and developing to enable run into the particular kid in order for inclusion to accomplish its full aims. First, offering this support would make an enabling environment to enable the instructor to leave knowledge more efficaciously. Second this benefit extends to the pupils including the disabled as they will derive more cognition. Finally, this would ensue to motivated instructors and better improved teacher keeping, nest eggs in enlisting and preparation and improved quality in instruction. Student Diverseness The American society is progressively acquiring diversified in footings of race, colour, civilization, ethnicity, linguistic communication, and sex ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . The lifting diverseness is expected to go on in the hereafter. In the schoolroom, and in order to run into the demands of the progressively diversified population, an effectual attack demands to be adopted. Thus to be antiphonal to the society needs, America needs to advance cultural diverseness by presenting culturally antiphonal instruction. The issue of Cultural diverseness is relevant in the society and needs to be addressed. This is because first, there is a lifting cultural diverseness in the American population. It is estimated that by 2030, 50 % of pupils in schools will be of colour Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008. Second, there is need to turn to the turning inequality between assorted groups. White persons and Asians score higher on norm than Latino and African American pupils. In add-on, 50 % of these under resourced groups bead out of school ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . This consequences to a rise in societal offenses and a general impairment in the society. Finally, there is likely to be a relentless addition in cultural diverseness in footings of races and ethnicity. One manner of accomplishing the benefits of cultural diverseness as suggested by Unruh and McCord ( 2001 ) is through act uponing instructors ‘ attitudes is of import in order to heighten the lifting diverseness in American schools. Whereas bing instructors ‘ instruction plans insist on multicultural sensitiveness and instruction methodological analysiss, single temperaments and attitudes towards diverseness may impact the effectivity of the instruction system. To accomplish effectivity and outlooks of the lifting diverseness tendencies, it is of import non merely to concentrate on fixed plans but to besides concentrate on act uponing single instructor ‘s attitudes. An environment that accommodates cultural variegation would ensue to a more contributing environment for larning. First, to the single pupil, it would ensue to a sense of worth and therefore opportunities for better accomplishment. In the general school environment, it would ensue to a culturally rich an d congratulating environment. Finally, a culturally diversified school environment would be reflected in the society making a status of regard and general society good being. To run into the demands to the progressively diversified population, it is of import that proper stairss are taken to advance cultural diverseness in the instruction scene. Financing and Regulating American Schools Regulating and funding of American schools has been an issue of involvement. Local and province authoritiess have faced challenges on government and raising equal fundss for instruction. In the enterprise to supply equal and low-cost instruction, regulating of schools has been a cardinal issue. Despite being an built-in portion in a school, instructors have for long been relegated to the schoolrooms with minimum part in regulating their schools ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . This essay argues that for effectual government of schools, instructors need to be more involved in determination devising. This is an of import issue in the society for several grounds. First, as reported by Morehead ( 2003 ) the major jobs that instructors face in the school environment are â€Å" low wage, cardinal way and excessively much bureaucratism † therefore sabotaging their active engagement ( 86 ) . Excessively much bureaucratism and cardinal way undermines instructors ‘ sense of value, affects morale and increases turnover. Second, it consequences to less occupation satisfaction and a sense of low worth which consequences to high turnovers in the school and in the profession in general. Finally, less teacher engagement in the school direction consequences to low creativeness and untapped resources for development. In the quest to supply equal and low-cost instruction, proper government is of import. Soon, instructors have small part to the regulating in their schools despite their active engagement in the instruction environment. As reported by Morehead ( 2003 ) , an environment that allows instructors engagement in direction of schools result to professionally fulfilled and dedicated staff that has positive part to instruction. Teachers need to be actively involved in order to heighten positive instruction results. It is of import that policies are designed with parts from every stakeholder and in the instruction scene, it remains that for more effectual government and positive results, instructors should be more involved in determination devising. Exceptional, Gifted and Talented Learners Whereas the society may by and large see the talented pupils to be the lucky 1s, a closer expression may uncover that they might really be disadvantaged. Despite their eternal wonder, creativeness and energy, when put into the regular schoolrooms, these kids may endure from negative equal force per unit area, ennui and may really drop out of school ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . To enable these pupils to accomplish their potencies in life and to tap their exceeding cognition, it is of import that particular plans are put in topographic point in order to heighten their acquisition. This issue is of import for the assorted grounds. First, failure to make an enhanced environment for these pupils might blow their possible. Gilson ( 2009 ) argues that scholars in general demand to be invariably challenged failure to which they non merely go bored but they besides â€Å" lose their willingness to dispute themselves to make better things † ( 36 ) . Most scholars need proper support in order to run into their ends and talented pupils are no exclusion. They would see ennui and negative force per unit area when placed in regular categories and this may be a formula for dropping out alternatively of stand outing. This would particularly be singular if they come from minority groups. The terminal consequence is that the exceptionally bright pupil experience disregard and apathy and less opportunities of success in school. Second, impairment of these pupils when put in regular categories represents is a failure by the society to tap their possible and therefore a lo ss to the society at big. Research indicates that talented pupils under such subjects as Science, engineering, Engineering, and mathematics have high opportunities of traveling from abilities to competences and finally to expertise ( Olszwski-Kubilius, 2010 ) . By supplying particular plans for the talented pupils would ensue to several benefits. First, it would offer them an enabling environment that would enable them make their single potencies. Second, it would let effectual tapping of their accomplishments for the possible benefits to the whole society. When the particular qualities of talented pupils are indentified and decently developed through appropriate plans, they can do of import parts to the society. Finally, leting particular plans would show a opportunity for development of ; model graphics, medical discoveries, and singular innovations which may otherwise be lost if they were non allowed to work their full potencies. Is gender a acquisition manner? By and large, the society divides people into genders delegating assorted functions and outlooks to specific gender. This has led to suggestions that females may prefer to larn one manner while males may prefer a different 1. Some believe that this should name for edifice of instruction establishments for the different gender ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . While some consider this stereotypic, some have advanced that this is a generalisation that can be harnessed to supply improved results in instruction. This essay argues that Gender is a learning manner and should be utilized for positive acquisition results. This issue is of import for assorted grounds. First, its apprehension and use would ease betterments in impacting cognition more efficaciously for the two genders. Second, males and females exhibit different cognitive acquisition manners and therefore might necessitate different attacks in order to larn efficaciously. Males are more intuitive scholars while females were more sensing scholars ( Alumran, 2008 ) . In a related survey Miller et Al. ( as quoted in Alurman, 2008 ) established that males are more â€Å" kinaesthetic, haptic, ocular, and were more nomadic whereas females where more conforming, more ego, parent or instructor motivated than males † ( 305 ) . Intuitive scholars, who were preponderantly male are more inventive and advanced and have a better consumption at abstraction embarking into possibilities and relationships. Conversely feeling scholars, who are preponderantly females are good at memorizing, better consumption of facts, apply good known processs to w ork out jobs, stress on item, and prefer everyday and predictable facets. Females and males exhibit different penchants for societal and conceptual acquisition manners. Females show more â€Å" concern for others † , prefer custodies on experience and practical facets with more orientation towards affectional and making. Conversely, males exhibited â€Å" concern for ego † prefer abstractive and brooding acquisition, learned better when believing and watching and opted for abstract and consecutive manners ( Keri as quoted in Alarman, 2008 ) . Research indicates that males and females prefer different acquisition manners, that – gender is a learning manner. Whereas protagonism may non be made for sole gender acquisition establishments, it is of import that instructors in the schoolroom are cognizant of the different acquisition manners that specific gender prefers. Assorted benefits would be achieved by an apprehension of this issue. First, it would let inventing appropriate plans for the genders which would heighten larning for the single pupil. Further, it would move to better the quality of instruction by and large. It would farther let the chase of effectual and economical attacks to larning between genders. One of the major facets of successful universities is the ability to progress acquisition by understanding the manner pupils learn. Student Life in School and At Home The American society has seen a gradual passage in past old ages. Previously there was communal engagement to conveying up of kids and adult females were left at place to rise up the kids. Today ‘s economic force per unit areas requires instances where both parents are working, ensuing to less child care. School life greatly influences the kid growing and societal activities and instructors are hence more involved in conveying up the kids ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Changing household lives are negatively impacting school life and instructors have a major function to play in bettering the state of affairs. The state of affairs consequences to assorted negative impacts. First, there has been a dramatic alteration in the societal and economic factors in the household unit and these have extended to impact school life. In the past communities communally took the duty of raising kids but this has changed due to altering work forms, less child care installations and economic factors ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . In the old times, the societal cloth was strong and communities approached issues communally. Today in the face of lifting economic force per unit areas, poorness, altering work forms where a significant proportion of kids are raised by individual parents or both parents go to work supervising of the kid is declining. This has in great portion contributed to challenges of bead outs, drug and intoxicant maltreatment, self-destruction, gestation and weight concerns. To cut down the impacts of altering household lives to instruction ; instructors need to make favourable schoolroom environments. It is merely through making a favourable environment where prejudice and hatred are replaced with trust, dignity, positive relationship and informed gender that the state of affairs can be improved ( Abbot, 2006 ) . Students will execute drearily in environments where negative effects are prevailing. These effects are damaging as they affect the psychological facets of the pupil and will more frequently than non ensue to drop outs or low public presentations. In the schoolroom scene, developing course of studies need to acknowledge altering household life. The course of study needs to stress community engagement, wellness issues. By pupil engagement in societal services, cut down tracking and concentrating affectional developments of pupils, instructors can cut down the negative impacts. Do Teachers Like Teaching? Teaching is one of the callings that employ the largest figure of people. Despite this, there have been suggestions that instructors may non be really happy in their calling particularly due to the comparatively low wage as compared to other professions and the bureaucratic system. This might be supported by the high turn-over in this calling. Some instructors have nevertheless reported that they really do love their calling chiefly due to its intrinsic wagess. This essay argues that despite the high turnovers in instruction, most instructors like to learn. Understanding whether instructors like instruction has several deductions. First, it would let an understating of instructor ‘s behaviours and perceptual experiences this supplying an account for their behavior. Second, an apprehension would supply a model in inventing ways of act uponing their behaviour and behavior. It would for illustration explain why there are high turnover in the profession. Most instructors are satisfied with what they do and the instruction environment. A NEA study reported that 80 % of the instructors were comfy with their occupation, the occupation security and the related liberty ( Sadker, Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2008 ) . Most instructors express their satisfaction with instruction. Teachers like their occupation despite studies of low wage because they are motivated by other factors apart from wage. A survey by Chan ( 2005 ) reported that the most influential factors impacting motivations and committedness to learning were â€Å" selfless motivations, occupation conditions and influence from others † ( 14 ) . Teachers province that they take up learning places chiefly because they liked working with kids and striplings ; they wanted to be of aid to others, they perceived the work to be meaningful and ambitious and it was in correspondence to their personality. Factors extrinsic factors as stuff wagess do non act upon the pick of a learning ca lling every bit much as these other factors. It is of import that the intrinsic factors that induce motive and committedness in instructors are enhanced with extrinsic factors. Most instructors love their calling particularly due to its intrinsic wagess which include satisfaction, the challenge, occupation security and the liberty in the category room. The comparatively low wage, bureaucratisms in the system and other unfavourable conditions might explicate the high turnover in the calling. This understating that instructors like their calling suggests that focal point should be on supplying better work conditions, better wage, occupation stableness which would greatly heighten instructors ‘ committedness and motive ensuing to better instruction outcomes. This will in add-on promote positive acquisition results for the pupils and heighten the degree of instruction in the society in general. Decision Education signifiers an of import facet of human life by fiting the person with necessary capableness to run into future challenges and better life. The school environment has assorted interactions which despite the purpose to accomplish efficiency make non ever do this. Among other issues, it of import that instructors are good equipped to cover with inclusion of handicapped pupils in the schoolroom, to understand how changing life styles are impacting the pupil environment, and to advance cultural diverseness in the schools. In add-on, it is of import to ; affect the instructor more in school government, to see the demands to talented pupils, to use gender efficaciously as a acquisition manner, and to better on conditions that negatively impact teacher ‘s perceptual experiences of learning. Such attempts may travel a long manner in bettering the efficiency and effectivity of the acquisition and the instruction environment. 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Reflective Report for Purchasing and Supply -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflective Report for Purchasing and Supply. Answer: I gained my awareness towards the advantages and disadvantages regarding the outsourcing business function. I also learned that the outsourcing is a business procedure that includes product and services through venture contract with suppliers. Additionally, it is analysed that most of the organization has used outsource business to decline the labour and transportation cost (Arlbjrn, et al., 2014). I also learned that the business outsource can positively influence the performance of business as well as it also quit negative impact on the business in long-term. I gained my knowledge about project scope in depth. In additionally, it can be said that the business outsources can be effective to easily enhance the performance of an organization in long-run. The outsource business function can be advantageous for saving the cost of organization. Because, it enabled the organization to decline the labour cost as well as transportation cost of firm. It will support to enhance the efficiency of business by increasing the productivity of firm in an appropriate manner. At the same time, I also analysed that there are some significant factors that show the advantages of outsourcing business named available for 24 hours, outsourcing business process for increasing efficiency, and focus on the core business process. In oppose to this, it can be said that there are some factors that influence outsources business function named Involvement in the hidden cost and Loss of Managerial Control (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). Other factors are Pricing issues, Security risk related to exposure of sensitive data, and Political and cultural disadvantage. I gained my depth understanding about these factors that can negative impact on the firm. In additionally, I also understood that execution of innovation in the business function can be significant to obtain favourable outcome from the business in long-run. In addition to this, it can also be said that I also gained my knowledge regarding t he finance and accounting, human resource management, and legal procedure. In addition to this, it can also be said that the outsourced business function can enabled the organization to categorize the activity of an organization that will be supportive to complete the specified task in less time and cost (Dolgui, et al., 2013). I also learned that when an organization to make contract with third party then they relocating some power of management to the party. As a result, it can create the issue related to the management of power in the business function in the upcoming period. Moreover, the difference between political and cultural factors can create also the problem for an organization due to outsourcing the business function. Further, I also understood that in the current period an organization has suffered from the leakage of confidential data and in the outsourcing business function it can be a primary issue for an organization. Therefore, it can be said that such kinds of issues can resist the organization to invest in the outsourcing. In oppose to this, I also gained my knowledge regarding the research objectives that were important to perform the research activity in an appropriate manner. In addition to this, I also gained my knowledge about the particular reason of businesses outsource functions. I also increased my knowledge about the scope of the project. It can be analysed that most of the researcher has completed the researc her on the business outsource function but there is lack of advantages and disadvantages of the business outsource the function (Hsu, et al., 2013). So, I learned that the research topic was appropriate. I gained some sectors that are important in the outsourced business function such as human resource management, finance and accounting department, and legal procedure. I also learned about the development of hypothesis to accomplish the research issue in a systematic manner. I also gain my knowledge about the creation of research question that played an imperative role in the accomplishment of research issues. At the same time, it can also be said that the research design plays a crucial role in the collection of data appropriately. The research design supports to select the appropriate technique for solving the issues of research in a significant manner (Schniederjans, et al., 2015). I also learned about qualitative research a design that was appropriate for research. At the same t ime, I understood that the qualitative research design can support to develop the theoretical understanding about the research issue. At the same time, I also learned that a researcher can use this research design method in case the research is subjective in nature. I improved my understanding about some significant factors such as ethnographic studies, case studies, historical data collection, and grounded theory. Additionally, I understood that the research design can support to make an appropriate decision to solve the research issue. In addition to this, I gained my awareness about the research methodology that supports to provide the appropriate techniques to eliminate the research issues in an appropriate manner. I addition to this, it can also be said that understanding about the research approaches can be also beneficial in the research. I increased my consciousness about the inductive approach that is appropriate for this research. It can be evaluated that the inductive approach is supportive to collect the theoretical understanding of the research issue. The inductive approach also uses at the time of sub jective research (Willcocks, et al., 2013). I also gained my understanding about the reliability and validity of research approach due to obtaining the appropriate outcome in the specified time. I increased my knowledge about the sampling method and sample size that were required to accomplish the research task successfully. I also learned that the probability sampling method is supportive to effectively complete the research objectives. The probability sampling method provides the equal chance to the respondents for reacting in oppose to the questionnaire (Vetrkov, et al., 2013). I also improved my knowledge about the data collection method such as primary and secondary data collection method. In the primary data collection method, some significant sources are used like observation, interview, and content analysis. The primary data collection method helps to offer the fresh or new data to the researcher while the secondary data collection method offers information from the existing information (Sekaran, et al., 2016).There are some sources that were included in the secondary data collection methods such as a journal, company website, online and offline sources, books, academic journals, and magazine. At the same time, it can also be said that understanding about data collection methods can be supportive to improve my research skills in an appropriate manner (Smith, 2015). Along with this, I also learned about the variables that affect the research in long-term. I also gained my knowledge about the research limitation due to effectively perform the task of the research objectives in an appropriate manner. There are different kinds of factors that can negatively influence to accomplish research such as lack of time and cost, lack of resources, and lack of financial resources (Taylor, et al., 2015).In addition to this, it can be said that the knowledge of research limitation can also be supportive for conducting the research in future. Moreover, it can also be said that I also gained my knowledge about the time schedule in a systematic manner. References Arlbjrn, J. S., Mikkelsen, O. S. (2014). Backshoring manufacturing: Notes on an important but under-researched theme.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,20(1), 60-62. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. USA: Pearson Australia. Dolgui, A., Proth, J. M. (2013). Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), 6769-6777. Hsu, C. C., Liou, J. J., Chuang, Y. C. (2013). Integrating DANP and modified grey relation theory for the selection of an outsourcing provider.Expert Systems with Applications,40(6), 2297-2304. Schniederjans, M. J., Schniederjans, A. M., Schniederjans, D. G. (2015).Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. UK: Routledge. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. USA: John Wiley Sons. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. USA: Sage. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. USA: John Wiley Sons. Vetrkov, M., Potkny, M., Hitka, M. (2013). Outsourcing of facility management.E+ M Ekonomie a Management, (1), 80. Willcocks, L., Cullen, S. (2013).Intelligent IT outsourcing. UK: Routledge.

Strategies Essay Example

Strategies Essay There are many strategies that help promote changes but it is difficult to come across strategies that work on a long-term and permanent basis. Kotter’s strategy regarding the 8-stage process for organizational change works due to its ease in manageability and clearly defined goals. The first stage entitled, â€Å"establishing a sense of urgency† relates to examining the market and what would work best as well as examining the crisis as well. This ensures that there are fewer setbacks after a careful examination of the situation thereby delivering a positive culture in the state of change. The second and third stage entitled, â€Å"creating the guiding location† and â€Å"developing a vision strategy† help in clarifying the objectives and a team is gathered for a complete effort. The fourth and fifth stage entitled, â€Å"communicating the change in vision† and â€Å"empowering broad-based actions† mostly relate to inducing positive effects i n the organization by helping the team understand the essence of change and its need. The sixth stage entitled, â€Å"generating short-term wins† actually encourages the team towards rewards of any success that the organization may achieve through the change that has been incorporated by the organization. The seventh stage entitled, â€Å"consolidating gains and producing more change† is aimed at hiring personnel who can effectively work with the change thereby making the aims of the organizational change permanent and further reinvigorating the process with the new projects. The last stage entitled, â€Å"anchoring new approaches in the culture† mainly aims at supporting the changes in the organization by acting on all the above stages thereby enhancing the leadership development and succession at large. Therefore, Kotter’s eight-stage process induces a positive effect on the organizational change thereby helping the organization achieve its goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer REFERENCE: Mackinnon, Lauchlan A. K. (2007). Book Review: John Kotter on Change Management. Retrieved online on the 10th of July, 2007 at http://lauchlanmackinnon.blogspot.com/2007/06/book-review-john-kotter-on-change.html

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics One operation that is frequently used to form new sets from old ones is called the union. In common usage, the word union signifies a bringing together, such as unions in organized labor or the State of the Union address that the U.S. President makes before a joint session of Congress. In the mathematical sense, the union of two sets retains this idea of bringing together. More precisely, the union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements x such that x is an element of the set A or x is an element of the set B. The word that signifies that we are using a union is the word or. The Word Or When we use the word or in day-to-day conversations, we may not realize that this word is being used in two different ways. The way is usually inferred from the context of the conversation. If you were asked â€Å"Would you like the chicken or the steak?† the usual implication is that you may have one or the other, but not both. Contrast this with the question, â€Å"Would you like butter or sour cream on your baked potato?† Here or is used in the inclusive sense in that you could choose only butter, only sour cream, or both butter and sour cream. In mathematics, the word or is used in the inclusive sense. So the statement, x is an element of A or an element of B means that one of the three is possible: x is an element of just A and not an element of Bx is an element of just B and not an element of A.x is an element of both A and B. (We could also say that x is an element of the intersection of A and B Example For an example of how the union of two sets forms a new set, let’s consider the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. To find the union of these two sets, we simply list every element that we see, being careful not to duplicate any elements. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are in either one set or the other, therefore the union of A and B is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Notation for Union In addition to understanding the concepts concerning set theory operations, it is important to be able to read symbols used to denote these operations. The symbol used for the union of the two sets A and B is given by A ∠ª B. One way to remember the symbol ∠ª refers to union is to notice its resemblance to a capital U, which is short for the word â€Å"union.† Be careful, because the symbol for union is very similar to the symbol for intersection. One is obtained from the other by a vertical flip. To see this notation in action, refer back the above example. Here we had the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. So we would write the set equation A ∠ª B {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Union With the Empty Set One basic identity that involves the union shows us what happens when we take the union of any set with the empty set, denoted by #8709. The empty set is the set with no elements. So joining this to any other set will have no effect. In other words, the union of any set with the empty set will give us the original set back This identity becomes even more compact with the use of our notation. We have the identity: A ∠ª ∅ A. Union With the Universal Set For the other extreme, what happens when we examine the union of a set with the universal set? Since the universal set contains every element, we cannot add anything else to this. So the union or any set with the universal set is the universal set. Again our notation helps us to express this identity in a more compact format. For any set A and the universal set U, A ∠ª U U. Other Identities Involving the Union There are many more set identities that involve the use of the union operation. Of course, its always good to practice using the language of set theory. A few of the more important are stated below. For all sets A, and B and D we have: Reflexive Property: A ∠ª A ACommutative Property: A ∠ª B B ∠ª AAssociative Property: (A ∠ª B) ∠ª D A ∠ª (B ∠ª D)DeMorgan’s Law I: (A ∠© B)C AC ∠ª BCDeMorgan’s Law II: (A ∠ª B)C AC ∠© BC

How Do Executed Offenders React To Their Punishments - Death Penalties Essay

How Do Executed Offenders React To Their Punishments - Death Penalties - Essay Example Other inmates hold onto the grudge. They are not sorry, and not affected by the sentences they are given. Others redeem themselves. They accept their crimes. At times they go further and apologize to the affected family. The various ways are explained in depthbelow. A major reaction to this punishment is mental illness. Mental illness is a condition characterized by impairments of one’s cognitive abilities. This impairment may also be behavioral functioning. The impairments are caused by head trauma in our case. An estimate of 5-10% of death row inmates has the problem of mental illness. Research has also shown that nearly all the inmates who are on death row suffer from brain damage. This is as a result of illness or trauma. All creaturesshudder at the thought of destruction. Human are survival animals. When one has no option to his survival, everything breaks down. The fabricant of humanity shuttered. This shutter is mental disorientation. Inmates are diagnosed by doctors an d those who have mental illness isolated. Diagnosis is done but the inmates refuse medication. Those awaiting execution are resolved to their fate. They see no reason for staying alive while you are condemned to die. The thought is ironical on its own. Some are even happy that they are sick. They even go ahead and neglect any dosages. Though there are forced dosages, this is not the solution. Some illnesses take more than medicine to heal. Mental illness is one, will is required. The inmate may be forced to treatment, but the will is important. Resolution to die makes healing difficult. Some inmates go ahead and self-admit their crimes. A good example here is Stanley â€Å"Tookie† Williams. Mr. Williams is a Nobel nominee: An author, Nobel Peace and Literature Prizes nominee. Mr. Williams was a co-founder of Crips. Crips is a Los Angeles-based street gang. The gang is responsible for hundreds of murders. Mr. Williams was convicted of four counts of murder. After a number of y ears of incarceration, Mr. Williams underwent a religious conversion. It was in this time that he authored his books. He went on and became admitted of his own crime and violence. He redeemed himself. He turned his life to uniqueness of unusual good works. Mr. Williams was executed by lethal injection. Though there was circumstantial evidence, Mr. Williams illustrated the other side of the coin. He illustrated how complex morality of the death penalty is. It is widely expected a death row inmate to be hostile. It is socially acceptable if he conforms to hate. Redemption, though expected, is unique. Mr. Williams reacted to the death penalty by redeeming himself. Other inmates become affiliated to the death row syndrome. Psychologists and lawyers argue that death row inmates develop phenomenons as they await execution. This phenomenon is called thedeath row phenomenon. The psychological effect of this phenomenon results to the death row syndrome. The living conditions on the death row have its effects. Some inmates turn to become suicidal. Other inmates become delusional. Others are pushed to insanity. The conditions that inmates face as they await execution are destruction to one’spsychology. The psychological damage is as torture. The more the waiting period, the more the torture. This makes the prisoner depressed. Some inmates are often forced to trying escaping from prison. Those on escape try colloquial ways that would make sure there is no going back. It’

Feminist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feminist Movement - Essay Example In the past state have had primary jurisdiction in the field of domestic abuse legislation. However, recently Congress has enacted legislation because of the increasing mobility of society and therefore the potential for perpetrators to cross state lines to commit their crimes against their partners. States vary somewhat in their legislation, although police officers in all states can now arrest someone they suspect has committed a domestic assault without having witnessed the event.(State) They do however vary in that 3 states require an arrest if they are called to investigate an incident whereas the others don’t if they file a report explaining why they did not arrest. Most states and the federal legislation have similar definitions of domestic violence as that noted above. At one time forced sex by a man on his female cohabitating partner was not considered criminal sexual conduct or rape because this was regarded as his prerogative, but fortunately, this has changed. An a rrest usually requires some or all of the following conditions, a probable cause, suspect, and victim fit the definition of a domestic relationship (cohabitation), alleged act fits definition of domestic assault ( actual or threatened physical violence), reason to believe domestic abuse will continue if suspect not arrested or evidence of injury and incident reported within 28 days of occurrence. The 2 main acts of federal legislation are the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) originally enacted in 1994.

Marketing strategy at ASDA

Marketing strategy at ASDA This chapter includes the conclusions drawn from the analysis that contributes towards fulfilling the purpose of this project. Also find out the key analysis from the various chapters of research. At the end of this chapter give the outlined the limitation of research and recommends some point that Asda can provide its better services and increase profits. Chapter 1 give the brief introduction of research topic. The purpose of the study is how technology is used as a marketing strategy to increase sales and better operation of specific retail store and taken case study of Asda. The researcher has started with concept of technology and describes how effectively changes coming in retail industry through technology. also show effect of the adoption of new technology on the whole retail industry. It shows how the internet technology useful to do online business. The chapter outline the rational behind the study and how retail stores can use technology to gain competitive advantages again their competitor. It also highlighted the problem behind study, technology helps the organisation but technology is very expensive tools and must be deal with professional way to take advantages from it. The researcher has outlined the structure of whole study in chapter. Chapter2 is about the literature review; in this chapter researcher talk about Asda used its technology advancement in different field to satisfy their customer needs and requirement. New technology has helped to quicken and improved business in this global market. The nature of human are always changing they want better products and technology has helped company to satisfy their customers needs and wants.UK grocery market is very competitive and Asda has been ahead of this competition. The researcher also talks about the different types of technology used by Asda to gain competitive advantage in various fields. Asda uses scanning machine and RFID technology in their stores, which is helped to keep up to date data and also providing the security to its customers. The literature review outlines Asda uses various technologies like ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and security system like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).they also uses Net Framework technology for safe and sec ure transaction over internet. Asda provide top class online services and has gain competitive advantage over its rivals, online service also comfortable shopping, because customer order products directly to their homes without visiting the busy high streets. The researcher has pointed out the importance of Marketing Mix which is basic of any business, thats four Ps are very useful to gain competition advantage and Asda has been very successive to adopted the four Ps according to their customer needs and requirements. In this chapter also discuss that Asda give the priority to provide the best services to their customers. According to kotler (2003) you should happy to all business partners, customers, suppliers and distributors for earning and long time business and Asda has been do this very successfully. Asda provide loyalty schemes to attract the customers and customers gain benefits on their purchases. Its adaptive websites has a 24hours online service which solves the customers problem online. Asda has well trained staffs for customers to serve better. The chapter also shows Asda focus on customer retention instead of the new customer acquisition, its depend on making long term relation and always try to maintain it. Asda are using database technology to keep up to date records of customers who visit its stores and serve better for next time. According to Kotler(2003) pointed out that e-marketing is more skilful for database marketing and customer relationship. The chapter also focus on how logistic technology has helped retail sector and discuss Asda invested money for high class logistic technology and well planned supply chain management systems. This helped to Asda for goods transportation in time. In addition some people criticism phase by Asda to used RFID microchip to scan products used at their stores but it has helped to provide better security at their supermarkets. Chapter 3 gives the overview of the United Kingdom Country, The retail sector of UK and the company of Asda. The study of this chapter shows the important fact of company, retail sector and country. It also pointed out the technology used by Asda. Its also show how Asda increase the market share in the industry. In short this chapter gives the general information of the country, the retail industry and the Asda Company. Chapter 4 is about the Research Methodology. In this chapter researcher pointed out the aim of the research, the approach of the research to collect data methods, the research design, data collection methods, different sampling methods and the analysis of the data. The aim of study is too know how technology helped to improve the operation of Asda and achieve their business objectives; the research design is detail plan of conducting the market research object and requires needed information to make structure for solve different marketing research problems, and it includes descriptive, empirical and exploratory research. Research has generated primary data through the questionnaire, The UK local public has filled the questionnaire and researcher used of this collected data to analyse the findings. The researcher collected secondary data from the different books, journal articles, news and websites. It was both types of qualitative and quantitative data. In this chapter researcher poi nted out the sampling methods and also suggested and recommend things to Asda so it can do improvement in its services. In this study, non probability judgemental sampling method used by researcher. Questionnaire set was distributed among the Asda customers. The researcher also pointed out the limitation of study. Chapter5 is about the finding and analysis, the researcher has analysed the collected data with the use of different graphs and charts. The researcher found out from the questionnaire which completed by people that pointed out they were happy and satisfied with the overall services and facilities provided by Asda to them, the main problem for concern was the online payment method they were worried about that their personal information might be misused and thefts might occur in their bank accounts. The other fact which came out from finding was that people were not happy about the Asda website as it was complicated and it was difficult to locate the exact goods that customer needed, but people were more happy about the charges of delivery which are less compare to other retail stores. So overall result of questionnaire was very positive and customers were happy with the services provided by Asda to them but have to improve their services in certain fields. Research aims and objectives The activities concerned with Marketing Research starting with the objectives to carry out the research and this research proved that technology used by ASDA reach these objectives and outline given below To study how technology has helped retail sectors to give better customer service and maintain customer loyalty. To observe that if the use of better logistics technology improved ASDA sales. Has online services provided by ASDA helped people shop more easily. To show that how important is marketing mix in retail sector. Research questions are as follows How online technology has improved the way business is done in the retail sector? How technology helps in better customer service and satisfaction in retail industry? How logistics technology has helped ASDA retail market to gain competitive advantage against its competitor? 2.5 Logistics Technology and E-scm at ASADAAAA Logistics technology plays a key role in the successful management of the retail business. Logistics services are a channel of the supply chain with the value of time and place utility. The internet integrates business information between supply chain partners. Logistics Technology and supply chain is managing the flow of products, their transformation in to finished products to the final buyer. The main functions are production, transportation, inventory procurement, customer satisfaction. Logistics Management plays a key role in the retail sector like ASDA have their business in different areas and supply of products and services must be efficiently carried out, there are require good relation with the suppliers of the products. /* ASADAAAA has developed the ASADAAAA Information Exchange (TIE) in association with GE Information Services (GEIS) it is an extranet solution that allows ASADAAAA and it suppliers to collaboratively exchange trading information. Information such as Electronic Point Of Sale EPOS) data, track sales and internet telephone mail (Chaffey,2007).The huge competition between the supermarkets giants like ASADAAAA and Sainsbury led to the growing importance of the Logistics Technology and Supply Chain Management. /* UK major food retailers are giving more concentration on technological development and innovation. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the automatic identification technology that uses radio waves to automatically tracking and identifies objects. In RFID technology uses tag for logistics purposes, this tags are bound with individual products in warehouses. They can be used as scanners with the range under 6 metres (ibid).after the used of rfid in the uk retail industry they have advantages of better tracking and forecasting ,greater efficiency and speed in stock operations. (Jones et al,2005). /*RFID technology used by ASADAAAA came into huge criticism and had to acquire permission from the European Union Legislation to use it.(ibid).People felt that if affected their privacy as the chip scanned through the individual personal bag. on 07/11/09.ASADAAAA knew the importance of satisfying the customers due to the increasing number of business that was done through its website, ASADAAAA felt the need for better after sale delivery services and made a contract with TNT Logistics UK for delivery services for its ASADAAAA Direct stores.TNT logistics has software system that include HDi home delivery system, Red Praines Dlx warehouse management system, Paragon route planning and Pen Pod for collecting electronic signatures, which makes business processes efficient and easy to have customer satisfaction(www.shippingline.biz)retrieved 07/11/09. */ E-SCM. It is apparent that supply chain management involves a firms suppliers and customers, as well as the processes used to transfer a product or service from an order in inventory to delivery. An E-SCM must also integrate technology, especially the internet, in an effort to speed communication and information flow throughout the supply chain. The internet has allowed collaboration among supply chain partners to become automated, providing access to real-time information and fostering a communication-based network for businesses to operate throughout its supply chain. ////// Figure : The IT Technologies adopted in a retail Supply chain. Nowadays Retail sectors are adopting the new application of the It technologies in supply chain management. From the figure we can see that POS (Point of Sales) is used for the retail store to sell products to customers.EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) are mainly used for the data exchange between the SC participants. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) widely used for data capture in warehouses; and DM (Data Mining) is used in the back office for data collection of customers. The figure show the used of IT technologies in the retail sector in supply chain management and their functionalities and features. Electronic data interchange(EDI) EDI can be define as computer to computer data transmission of standardised business transitions (Walton and Marucheck, 1997), EDI is widely used to collect highly precise and very efficient information through internet and its useful to increase their orders and transaction process. Accordingly Bamfield (1994) EDI can be use for enhanced companys planning and control to a lower inventories with timely data or information. EDI is play very important roles in retail organisation because it is useful for fast business transaction ,EdI replace old traditional methods like exchanging documents such as different purchases orders, order confirmations, payment of goods, invoices. EDI also reduces other cost like postage and paper based work(Ferguson et al., 1990, Murphy and Daley, 1999).By using the EDI ,organisation like Asda has improved their business ,in sense of shorted lead time,quickly reduce stock out and improve demand forecasting of products(Vijayasarathy and Tyler, 1997). Furthermore, EDI is also beneficial in supply chain. It has one additional feature which are useful for integration and coordination ( Hill and Scudder, 2002) through frequency and automatic transfer of information to supplier and distributers which is improving information accuracy and communication between them(Murphy and Daley, 1999).This improved communication provides timely information of transaction status to customers which improves customer service of Organisation (Angeles, et al., 1998).Accordingly Ellram et al.(1999) supplier and retailers must work together to implement compatible systems in order to realise the benifits of EDI Data Mining Data mining is a way to observing large volumes of data collected in databases. firstly ,company using computer collect the all business data like retail sales, banking data/records and manufacturing data reports (Lee and Siau, 2001).then after all collected data goes to warehouses where the make database and analyser analyse the data and explore the total business situations. DM is also useful to analyse the different effect of 4Ps Price, place, promotion, Production and market share. DM is also useful to recognise that which customers group will be highly responsive to market promotion campaign. Asda also used this technology in strategic and tactical decision such as making competitive strategies ,to find out market opportunities, launch new products in markets, customer acquisition, retention and that all are useful to cost reduction. DM technique is useful for SC applicants to make intelligent marketing strategy on market targeting, segmentation, positioning and differentiation (Forcht and Cochran, 1999).By analyse point of sale data and other research data of database, the Marketing manager can able to segmentation of customer market, evaluate market segment and select particular target market segment by using DM knowledge in retail industry. The application of DM techniques is beneficial for efficient retail supply chain management, warehouse management and distribution system. The information about previous order, supplier performance and previous price are utilized by procurement unit for judging and selecting suppliers.DM techniques also useful for analyse the warehouse stock in manner to goods type, goods location and its management. DM technique is integrated existing software and hardware which provide existing information resources. RFID: It is useful for Real time data collection. RFID is give the information of products to the manager, how much stocks are available in store and how much sold to customers. According to Attaran (2007), Organisations should consider RFID if they want to increase their revenue growth, lower cost, reduce inventory, better utilise fixed assets and gain favour over its rivals. RFID is used for provides both time based and content based information. As a result retailer can get the precise, relevant and absolute information of products and their customers (Jones et al., 2005(a)).which will useful to improve their customer services. By the use of RFID , organisation has fast and reliable information transmission so reduce the manually inventory costs and increased accuracy and efficient of transport. Which automatically make the better warehouse management and reduced other operation cost (Jones et al., 2005(b)). RFID is also improved the quickly response to product request of customers. So, we can say that RFID bring wide range of benefits to retail sector supply chain, After the RFID technology introduced in the retail sector that Revolutionizing retail Supply Chain and developed the longer term strategic based on decisions which show to be a valuable component of RFID adoption . So we can say that in other words UK major food retailers are giving more concentration on technological development and innovation. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the automatic identification technology that uses radio waves to automatically tracking and identifies objects. In RFID technology uses tag for logistics purposes, this tags are bound with individual products in warehouses. They can be used as scanners with the range under 6 metres (ibid).after the used of rfid in the uk retail industry they have advantages of better tracking and forecasting ,greater efficiency and speed in stock operations. (Jones et al,2005). RFID has some limitations. Parker (2003) states that, Caspian a US shoppers rights group has called for worldwide boycott of Gillette for its use of RFID technology. Because they thought it was going to interfere customers personal life. The customers personal transactional data being held in the RFID tag after the POS may be misused, accessed unauthorised or disclosed, which is a potential challenge in adopting RFID. Logistics technology is expensive so industry must use it perfectly for gain benefit against their competitors. If the elements of logistics not controlled effectively than its remarkably expansive.(FernieSparks, 1988).The products or stock also expensive and if damage might become out date or might not sell. Distribution centre and ware house are costly to maintain and operate, also use for transportation vehicles are expensive and require maintenance. Companies always want to get their goods to the market fastest, try to minimize the their inventory costs and the most mileage from their services and delivery fleets are the one that succeed and most super market are connecting their logistics process with buyers and supplier.(Aghazadeh, 2004) ASDA has large scale purchasing power and established well planned supply chain management and logistics system, so it can control it suppliers and distribution, it has latest information system and associated with leading software solution providing companies and deliveries of products has helped it get advantage over its rivals. the trained staff of asda use this logistics technology to serve the consumer better and make them to satisfy. The competitive nature of the UK retail sector has organized supply chain and logistics management very important and the vast investment put into in by company like ASDA emphasizes its importance.

Econometrics – Vietnam Cpi

Hanoi University Faculty of Management and Tourism Vietnam's Consumer Price Index and Influencing Factors An Econometrics Report 5/11/2012 Tutorial 2 – BA09 Lecturer: Ms. Dao Thanh Binh Tutor: Ms. Tr? n Kim Anh Group members: Nguy? n Th? Ha Giang ID: 0904000018 Ngo Thi Mai Huong ID: 0904000039 Le Thanh Long ID: 0904000050 Bui Th? Huong Quyen ID: 0904000072 Hoang Minh Thanh ID: 0904000082 D? Dang Ti? n ID: 0904000089 Truong Cong Tu? n ID: 0904000091 Nguy? n Thanh Tuy? n ID: 0904000092 AcknowledgementFirst and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this research. We would like to convey our sincere thanks to our lecturer Ms. Dao Thanh Binh, PhD, lecturer of Faculty of Management and Tourism, Hanoi University, for her conscientious and dedicated lectures. Without her valuable knowledge, this research cannot be accomplished. Our deepest gratitude also goes to our beloved tutor Ms. Tran Kim Anh, master. Her devoted inst ructions and support were of great help.Without her heart-felt assistance and encouragement, this paper would not be able to come to this result. Abstract In recent years, Vietnam’s inflation has increased to an alarming rate of two-digit, ranking itself one of 5 countries having the highest inflation rate in the world. That Consumer Price Index (CPI) has incessantly escalated is the primary reason for such worrying issue. Our project, therefore, is aimed at investigating and analyzing Vietnam’s CPI by testing the impact of following factors on CPI: USD/VND exchange rate, petrol price, rice price and money supply.Henceforth, a prediction about inflation rate drawing from CPI and affecting factors analysis may be given to help us better prepare for problems that can occur as a result of distressing inflation. The model that can best illustrate relationship between the independent variables and CPI has been detected. Basing on our research, it is apparent that those four variables have a significant influence on Consumer Price Index. Table of Contents Acknowledgementii Abstractiii List of Tables and Figuresv 1. Introduction1 2. Methodology2 2. 1. Method of collecting data and other sources2 . 2. Methods of processing the data2 3. Data analysis3 3. 1. Consumer Price Index3 3. 2. Exchange rate4 3. 3. Petrol price5 3. 4. Rice price6 3. 5. Money supply7 4. Model specification7 4. 1. Variables and relationships7 4. 2. Model selection8 5. Regression interpretation and hypothesis testing13 5. 1. Regression function coefficients interpretation13 5. 2. Hypothesis testing13 5. 2. 1. Significance test of individual coefficients13 5. 2. 2. Significance test of overall model15 5. 2. 3. Test of dropping insignificant variable16 6. Errors and limitation17 6. 1. Limitations17 6. 2.Errors and remedials18 6. 2. 1. Multicollinearity18 6. 2. 2. Heteroskedasticity20 6. 2. 3. Autocorrelation21 7. Conclusion24 Appendixa Referencesb List of Tables and Figures Table 1: EVi ew regression result: Lin-lin model9 Table 2: EView regression result: Log-log model10 Table 3: EView regression result: Lin-log model11 Table 4: EView regression result: Log-lin model12 Table 5: R2 and CV comparison between models12 Table 6: EView regression result: New model16 Table 7: EView regression result: P-R,MS18 Table 8: EView regression result: R-P,MS19 Table 9: EView regression result: MS-P,R19Table 10: EView White Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms)21 Table 11: EView regression result: Durbin-Watson statistic22 Table 12: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test: Lags 223 Figure 1: Vietnam CPI from 2000 to 20103 Figure 2: Vietnam's USD Exchange rate from 2000 to 20104 Figure 3: Vietnam's retail petrol price from 2000 to 20105 Figure 4: Vietnam's rice price from 2000 to 20106 Figure 5: Vietnam's money supply from 2000 to 2010 (in VND billion)7 1. Introduction Every nation worldwide has ever confronted with inflation and attempting to solve inflation problem.Vie tnam is not an exception. Inflation has proved to be one of the most concerned issues by both Vietnamese government and economists for nearly a decade as it has tendency towards ceaselessly inflating since 2004. Inflation is an increase in overall prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Inflation rate during a year will probably rise if there is a escalation in Consumer Price Index (CPI) in that year comparing to previous year, basing on following formula: InflationYear 2=CPIYear 2-CPIYear 1CPIYear 1Therefore, understanding the nature of inflation and efficiently anticipating it can essentially improve and strengthen the economy in generally, guiding business towards better strategy, as well as helping people adapt to price change in particular. Not only is CPI a powerful tool for government and economic experts to observe the whole society’s level of consumption, but it also, more importantly, predict the inflation rate that may have a considerable impact on the whole economy as well as the people’s daily lives.According to World Bank and International Monetary Funds (IMF), however, Vietnam is listed in high-inflation zone with a growing CPI. As for IMF’s facts, Vietnam’s CPI in August 2011 went up by 23. 02% compared to the same month of 2010; CPI in December 2011 also increased by 15. 68% compared to 2010. Besides, Vietnam’s economy has witnessed a simultaneous boost in price of goods and petrol throughout the year, together with decreasing purchasing power in recent years. Do these facts indicate a bad situation for Vietnam? We probably do not know for sure.We, instead, can help develop a more optimistic economy from the prediction of CPI as well as inflation rate of Vietnam. From such above serious facts and figures, this project is conducted to analyze Vietnam’s CPI and factors affecting CPI, then, giving prediction about Vietnam’s inflation rate by forming an overall picture of v ariations in people’s living expenditure, thus assist judging the possibility of inflation which may collapse even a huge economy of Vietnam due to the case of hyperinflation. 2. Methodology 2. 1. Method of collecting data and other sourcesAs discussed earlier and will be examined deeper later in this paper, there are some factors that play an important role in deciding the level of consumer price index in Vietnam. They consist of the movement of exchange rate (specifically, the USD/VND exchange rate), the price of petrol in Vietnam which is very critical, the Vietnamese rice price and governmental money supply. Through the application of econometric theories along with the examination of each single factor, the model can be formed as follow: CPI=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+?In order to gather the information regarding the four factors (independent variables), a number of data have been collected in the period 2000 – 2010: * The annual Vietnamese USD/VND exchange rate; * The annual Vietnamese rice price; * The annual money supply of Vietnamese government and other institutions; * The annual petrol price of Vietnam. All the data gathered have been found from various sources on trusted websites, in which we can count on the reliability and accuracy of the statistics and other related information. 2. 2. Methods of processing the data The data gathered above are just raw data.Therefore, in order to make prediction about the level of CPI in Vietnam accurately, some processes and calculation surely need to be made. First time, the raw data ought to be processed through the power of such computational tools as Eview and Microsoft Excel. Particularly, Microsoft Excel will help determine the trend in the independent variables (exchange rate, rice price, money supply and petrol price) as they change throughout the years and other necessary computation whereas Eview and its econometric calculations assist in figuring out some critical indicators (t-st atistic, R squared, adjusted R squared, p-value, etc. . After having those numbers and indices, two tests (the t-test and the f-test) are professionally used to make out not only the degree of significance of each independent variable but also the overall meaningfulness that all the independent variables contribute to the determination of CPI. From then on, it should be more convenient for us to make some anticipation about the trend of CPI in Vietnam based on the processed data we made. 3. Data analysis 3. 1. Consumer Price Index Figure [ 1 ]: Vietnam CPI from 2000 to 2010First of all, the consumer price index (CPI) measures of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. In fact, it provides information about price changes in the nation’s economy to government, business, labor and private citizens and is used by them as a guide to making economic decisions. Therefore, analyzing CPI is very important this aids in formulating fiscal and monetary po licies. As can be seen from the chart, there was a steady increase in the CPI from 2000 to 2010. In other word, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living during 10 years.To specify, after undergoing a slight growth in the first fourth years from 100 to about 110, CPI increased significantly to a peak of around 210 in the last year. There are many factors including exchange rate, money supply, rice price and petrol price which cause this growth in CPI are being concerned. 3. 2. Exchange rate Figure [ 2 ]: Vietnam's USD Exchange rate from 2000 to 2010 According to the data compiled from 2000 to 2010, the exchange rate of USD/VND experienced an upward trend. In 2000, the USD/VND exchange rate was VND 14,170, then increased by 4% and 5% in 2002 and 2003 respectively.From 2003 to 2008, the exchange rate remained stable around VND 15,700 which can be explained by some rationales. First of all, Vietnam central bank manipulated the market by sellin g USD and tried to adjust the exchange rate unchanged in following years (vietcombank, 2002). Moreover, due to the US economic instability and USD depreciation against other currencies, VND depreciated less than expected. In 2009, the exchange rate underwent a surge to VND17, 066 and continued increasing dramatically to VND 18,620 in 2010.Though the central bank implemented many policies to stabilize the exchange rate, it still rose significantly since many citizens had speculated the USD and waited until it appreciated much more against VND (scribd, 2010). Another reason is the real demand in USD due to the increase in exported products and labours. According to Mr Nguyen Van Binh, vice president of the Central Bank, increasing exchange rate is an effective tool crafted by the central bank to boost export and economic development (luattaichinh, 2009). 3. . Petrol price Figure [ 3 ]: Vietnam's retail petrol price from 2000 to 2010 According to the data accumulated, the gasoline pric e generally has an upward trend though the 11-year period from 2000 to 2010 Over the first 4 years from 2000 to 2003, the price of gasoline remained the same or changed not much. The 4 years of price stability had experienced the dramatic change, which was a huge increase to 122. 2% in 2006 (from 5,400 to 12000 VND). From that point of time, the gasoline price slightly felt to 11,300 in 2007.This is, however, followed by a significant growth from 11,300 to 16,320 VND in 2008 and fluctuated in the duration of 2008 and 2010. In conclusion, the price of gasoline in Vietnam is predicted to be continuing to grow over the next few years. 3. 4. Rice price Figure [ 4 ]: Vietnam's rice price from 2000 to 2010 According to the data compiled, the rice price has an upward trend though the 10-year period from 2000 to 2010. The price of rice sold was fairly steady over the first 3 years from 2000 to 2003 with a slight rise to 100. 6%. This stability was followed by a sudden increase to 122. % in 2006. This trend was strengthenedby the fact that Vietnam became an official member of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007( BBC 2007), which rocketed Vietnam’s inflation to 12. 6% (ThuyTrang 2008). In addition, 2007–2008 world food price crises contributed a part in the growth of world food price in general and rice price in Vietnam in particular ( Compton etc. 2010, p. 20), leading to a remarkable rise on Vietnamese rice price to 215. 2% in 2008, and 251. 8% in 2010. To sum up, the Vietnamese rice shot up over 2. 5 times from 2000 (100%) to 2010 (215. %) and this trend is surmised to still keep going on in next few years. 3. 5. Money supply Figure [ 5 ]: Vietnam's money supply from 2000 to 2010 (in VND billion) Starting with nearly $ 200,000 billion in 2000, the amount of money in the economy saw a slight rise between 2001 and 2004 but money supply still lower than $ 500,000 million, before ending with a significant increase for the last period and reaching at $ 2, 478,310 billion in 2010. With the amount of money in market increasing by from 15% to 50% each year; Vietnamese have more money to spend and price level also affected. 4.Model specification 4. 1. Variables and relationships In order to study the movements of CPI in Vietnam, it is essential to evaluate the factors that drive the changes in CPI. a) USD/VND exchange rate It is easily seen that Vietnam has suffered from a great trade deficit which means import being more than export. Therefore, if the exchange rate USD/VND increases, which can be explained as VND depreciates against USD; imported products will be more expensive than before. Since imported products exceed exported products, Vietnamese consumers have to suffer from higher price of all imported products.By that, domestic producers as the result will take advantage of this moment to increase the price of domestic products to compete with other foreign products. Tradable goods being half the basket of the CPI will increase t he price which leads to the surge in the CPI. b) Petrol price Almost all the products directly or indirectly need the use of petrol as the main fuel for transportation, production or substitute fuel for electricity, coal, etc. If the price of petrol increases, the cost of production will experience a rise as well.Hence, the producers will increase the prices of goods to compensate for the increase in production cost which contributes to higher CPI. c) Rice price One of the main categories that are included in the basket of goods when calculating CPI is food. Vietnam is a country where people consume rice as the main food in daily meals, thus the change in rice price will affect the CPI of Vietnam. d) Money supply Lastly, as CPI is heavily dependent on the prices of goods and services, money supply is also one of the factors that have effect on CPI.This can be explained by the fact that the higher supply of money there is on the market, the lower the value of Vietnam currency is. As Vietnam Dong depreciates, prices of goods and services will be higher and vice versa. As a result, money supply changes lead to CPI changes. 4. 2. Model selection From the identification of the factors affecting CPI above, the variables will be denoted as follow: CPI: Consumer Price Index ER: Exchange rate of USD/VND P:Petrol price R: Rice price MS:Money supplyA number of possible models are applicable for the research, and in order to evaluate the appropriateness of each model, we based on 2 criteria: * R2: Coefficient of determination: The percentage of variation in CPI is explained by the model. * CV: Coefficient of variation: The average error of the sample regression function relative to the mean of Y. The model with higher R2 and lower CV is better. a) Lin-Lin model CPI=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:20| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | |Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 49. 84103| 25. 60055| 1. 946873| 0. 0995| ER| 0. 000830| 0. 001632| 0. 508588| 0. 6292| P| 0. 002170| 0. 000396| 5. 480252| 0. 0015| R| 0. 236729| 0. 046411| 5. 100736| 0. 0022| MS| 2. 02E-05| 5. 21E-06| 3. 885527| 0. 0081| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998614|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 997691|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11026| S. E. of regression| 1. 879410|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 402748| Sum squared resid| 21. 19309|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 83610| Log likelihood| -19. 21511|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 4. 288740| F-statistic| 1081. 125|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 490665| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 1 ]: EView regression result: Lin-lin model Regression function: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729 ? R+0. 00002? MS R2 = 0. 998614 CV=? Y=1. 879410137. 9727=0. 013622 b) Log-Log model ln(CPI)=? 1+? 2? ln(ER)+? 3? ln(P)+? 4? ln(R)+? 5? ln(MS)+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: LOG(CPI)| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:22| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | |Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -1. 145265| 1. 841843| -0. 621804| 0. 5569| LOG(ER)| 0. 215912| 0. 205886| 1. 048698| 0. 3347| LOG(P)| 0. 089703| 0. 048661| 1. 843424| 0. 1148| LOG(R)| 0. 413783| 0. 038424| 10. 76876| 0. 0000| LOG(MS)| 0. 081931| 0. 034964| 2. 343304| 0. 0576| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998138|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 0. 489313| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 996897|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 0. 268175| S. E. of regression| 0. 014939|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| -5. 266690| Sum squared resid| 0. 01339|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz c riterion| -5. 085828| Log likelihood| 33. 96679|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | -5. 380698| F-statistic| 804. 0941|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 453663| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 2 ]: EView regression result: Log-log model Regression function: ln? (CPI)=-1. 145265+0. 215912? lnER+0. 089703? ln? (P)+0. 413783? ln? (R)+0. 081931? ln? (MS) R2 = 0. 998138 CV=? Y=0. 0149390. 489313=0. 030531 c) Lin-Log model CPI=? 1+? 2? ln(ER)+? 3? ln(P)+? 4? lnR+? 5? ln(MS)+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | |Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -1186. 909| 420. 9102| -2. 819864| 0. 0304| LOG(ER)| 85. 49691| 47. 05046| 1. 817132| 0. 1191| LOG(P)| 9. 066673| 11. 12034| 0. 815324| 0. 4460| LOG(R)| 80. 80824| 8. 780996| 9. 202627 | 0. 0001| LOG(MS)| 1. 356787| 7. 990229| 0. 169806| 0. 8707| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 995428|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 992380|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11026| S. E. of regression| 3. 414025|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 5. 96616| Sum squared resid| 69. 93340|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 5. 777478| Log likelihood| -25. 78139|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 5. 482608| F-statistic| 326. 5862|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 282666| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 3 ]: EView regression result: Lin-log model Regression function: CPI=-1186. 909+85. 49691? ln? (ER)+9. 066673? lnP+80. 80824? ln? (R)+1. 356787? ln? (MS) R2 = 0. 995428 CV=? Y=3. 414025137. 9727=0. 024744 d) Log-Lin model ln(CPI)=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: LOG(CPI)| | |Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 4. 288043| 0. 311641| 13. 75958| 0. 0000| ER| 7. 55E-06| 1. 99E-05| 0. 379928| 0. 7171| P| 2. 76E-05| 4. 82E-06| 5. 717411| 0. 0012| R| 0. 000539| 0. 000565| 0. 953313| 0. 3772| MS| 1. 38E-07| 6. 34E-08| 2. 184042| 0. 0717| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 995633|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 0. 489313| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 992722|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 0. 268175| S. E. of regression| 0. 22878|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| -4. 414290| Sum squared resid| 0. 003141|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| -4. 233428| Log likelihood| 29. 27859|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | -4. 528297| F-statistic| 341. 9975|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 798845| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 4 ]: EView regression result: Log-lin model Regression function : ln? (CPI)=4. 288043+0. 000075? ER+0. 000027? P+0. 000539? R+0. 000014? MS R2 = 0. 995633 CV=? Y=0. 0228780. 489313=0. 046755 To sum up, we have a comparison of R2 and CV among the models: | R2| CV| a| 0. 998614| 0. 013622| b| 0. 998138| 0. 030531| c| 0. 995428| 0. 24744| d| 0. 995633| 0. 046755| Table [ 5 ]: R2 and CV comparison between models From the results above, the model a) is the most appropriate model to explain the relationship between CPI the other factors: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS 5. Regression interpretation and hypothesis testing 5. 1. Regression function coefficients interpretation The chosen Lin-Lin model and its interpretation are described as follow: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS ?1=49. 84103: If exchange rate, petrol price, rice price and money supply equal 0 at the same time, CPI should be 49. 4103 on average. However, this does not make much economic sense as there is no situation that e xchange rate, petrol price, rice price or money supply could be equal to 0. ?2 = 0. 00083: Holding other variables constant, if exchange rate increases by 1 unit, CPI will increase by 0. 00083 units on average. ?3 = 0. 00217: Holding other variables constant, if price of petrol rises by 1 unit, CPI will increase by 0. 00217 units on average. ?4 = 0. 236729: Holding other variables constant, if rice price goes up by 1 unit, CPI will rise by 0. 236729 units on average. ?5 = 0. 0002: Holding other variables constant, if money supply increases by 1 unit, CPI will go up by 0. 00002 units on average. 5. 2. Hypothesis testing 5. 2. 1. Significance test of individual coefficients a) Test the individual significance of ? 2 * Step 1: H0: ? 2=0 Ha: ? 2? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 2-? 2SE(? 2) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 2-0Se(? 2)=0. 0008300. 001632=0. 508588 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is not enough evidence to conclude that ? is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. b) Test the individual significance of ? 3 * Step 1: H0: ? 3=0 Ha: ? 3? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 3-? 3SE(? 3) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 3-0Se(? 3)=0. 0020170. 000396=5. 480252 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 3 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. c) Test the individual significance of ? 4 * Step 1: H0: ? 4=0 Ha: ? ? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 4-? 4SE(? 4) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 4-0Se(? 4)=0. 2367290. 046411=5. 100736 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 4 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. d) Test the individual significance of ? 5 * Step 1: H0: ? 5=0 Ha: ? 5? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 5-? 5SE(? 5) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? , n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 5-0Se(? 5)=2. 02? 10-55. 21? 10-6=3. 885527 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 5 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. 5. 2. 2. Significance test of overall model * Step 1: H0: ? 2=? 3=? 4=? 5=0 Ha: i? 0 * Step 2: F-statistic f-stat=R2/(k-1)(1-R2)/(n-k) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if f-stat;fc(? ,k-1,n-k)=fc(0. 05,4,6)=4. 53 * Step 5: F-stat value f-stat=0. 998614/(5-1)(1-0. 998614)/(11-6)=1081. 125;fc=4. 3 * Step 6: Conclusion Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is e nough evidence to conclude that at least one coefficient is different from 0 and the overall model is statistically significant. 5. 2. 3. Test of dropping insignificant variable From the test above, we drew the conclusion that ? 2 is insignificant. Thus, an F-test of dropping the independent variable of Exchange rate from the model will be conducted. The regression results obtained from EView of the new model is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 11:07| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 62. 73309| 3. 386991| 18. 52178| 0. 0000| P| 0. 002123| 0. 000364| 5. 828831| 0. 0006| R| 0. 229613| 0. 041843| 5. 487545| 0. 0009| MS| 2. 22E-05| 3. 29E-06| 6. 758719| 0. 0003| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998555|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 997935|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11 026| S. E. of regression| 1. 777106|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 263137| Sum squared resid| 22. 10674|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 407826| Log likelihood| -19. 44725|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 4. 171931| F-statistic| 1612. 50|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 175208| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 6 ]: EView regression result: New model The old model is: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS with R2 = 0. 998614 The new model is: CPI=62. 73309+0. 002123? P+0. 229613? R+0. 00002? MS with R2 = 0. 998555 * Step 1: H0: ? 2 = 0 Ha: ? 2 ? 0 * Step 2: F-statistic F*=(R2unrestricted-R2restricted)/Number of dropped regressors(1-R2unrestricted)/(n-k) * Step 3: Level of significance ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if F* ; Fc(? ,No,n-k) = Fc(0. 05,1,11-4) = 5. 59 * Step 5: F* value F*=(0. 98614-0. 998555)/1(1-0. 998614)/(11-4)=0. 29798 * Step 6: Conclusion F* ; Fc Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. It is statistically reasonable to drop Exchange Rate variable from the model. The new model obtained is:CPI=62. 73309+0. 002123? P+0. 229613? R+0. 00002? MS| 6. Errors and limitation 6. 1. Limitations In spite of the results and discussion mentioned above, our report in general and our model in particular have their limitations that hinder our group to develop the most effective model. First and foremost, in data analysis, we presented a table of 1 dependent variable and 4 independent variables during the period of 2000-2010.In total, we have only collected 11 observations annually and the variables sometimes do not have the similar observations. It is obvious to state that the larger the sample size the higher the probability that our sample statistics get close to the true value or population parameters. For such reason, our small number observations may result in inaccuracy of the model. Furthermore, there exists mutual effects among the independent variables. For instance , the Money supply may have an effect on the Exchange rate. Additionally, the Rice price is also influenced by the Petrol price because petrol is the main energy source for production, etc.Such problems may falsify our results and they will be discussed further in the section of errors and remedies. To conclude, even though limitations exist, the foundation of our model is statistically undeniable. Nevertheless, any new econometric model constructed by us in the future will be designed and eliminated all negative limitations. 6. 2. Errors and remedials 6. 2. 1. Multicollinearity Multicollinearity exists due to some functional the existence of linear relationship among some or all independent variables. Multicollinearity can cause many consequences.For instance, OLS estimators have large variances and covariances, making the estimation with less accuracy. This error can lead to large variances and covariances, making the estimation with less accuracy. In order to detect the existence of multicollinearity, a simple tool of detection which is VIF can be applied. Beforehand, a number of auxiliary regressions that depict the relation ship between the independent variables must be done. Dependent Variable: P| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 12:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std.Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 2529. 790| 3163. 446| 0. 799695| 0. 4470| R| 28. 45504| 39. 34718| 0. 723179| 0. 4902| MS| 0. 003706| 0. 002908| 1. 274322| 0. 2383| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 890213|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 10088. 18| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 862766|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 4656. 172| S. E. of regression| 1724. 882|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 17. 97071| Sum squared resid| 23801730|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 18. 07922| Log likelihood| -95. 83888|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 17. 90230| F-statistic| 32. 434 22|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 144479| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 00145| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 7 ]: EView regression result: P-R,MS VIFP=11-R2P,R,MS=11-0. 890213=9. 10855;10 Dependent Variable: R| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 13:11| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 67. 25990| 15. 92311| 4. 224043| 0. 0029| P| 0. 002156| 0. 002982| 0. 723179| 0. 4902| MS| 5. 93E-05| 1. 82E-05| 3. 250317| 0. 0117| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 943086|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 144. 2364| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 928858|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. ependent var| 56. 29715| S. E. of regression| 15. 01585|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 8. 483090| Sum squared resid| 1803. 805|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 8. 591607| Log likelihood| -43. 65699|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 8. 414685| F-statistic| 66. 28185|   Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 625481| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000010| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 8 ]: EView regression result: R-P,MS VIFR=11-R2R,P,MS=11-0. 943086=17. 57047;10 Dependent Variable: MS| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 13:13| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std.Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -912567. 0| 169274. 2| -5. 391058| 0. 0007| P| 45. 52633| 35. 72593| 1. 274322| 0. 2383| R| 9603. 994| 2954. 787| 3. 250317| 0. 0117| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 949597|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 931956. 0| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 936996|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 761613. 1| S. E. of regression| 191169. 4|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 27. 38671| Sum squared resid| 2. 92E+11|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 27. 49522| Log likelihood| -147. 6269|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 27. 31830| F-statistic| 75. 36010|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 509023| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 00006| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 9 ]: EView regression result: MS-P,R VIFMS=11-R2MS,P,R=11-0. 949597=19. 84009;10 From the results above, we see that VIFP ; 10 whereas VIFR, VIFMS ; 10. Thus multicollinearity does not exist for Petrol variable, while multicollinearity exists for Rice and Money Supply variables. This can be explained by the fact that Petrol price is not influenced by other factors whilst Rice and Money Supply are influenced by Petrol price, as petrol is one of the main sources of energy for production of other goods and services. In general, multicollinearity does exist in the model.Nevertheless, the sole purpose of our research is for prediction and forecasting the inflation level of Vietnam based on CPI and the factors affecting CPI. Therefore, multicollinearity is not a serious issue for our research and we decided to take no action to fix the problem. 6. 2. 2. Heteroskedasticity Heteroskedasticity makes economic models violate one assumption which is homoskedasticity of equal variance of error terms. Heteroskedasticity causes ordinary least squares estimates of the variance (and, thus, standard errors) of the coefficients to be biased, possibly above or below the true or population variance.As the consequence, biased standard error estimation can lead to both type I error (reject the true hypothesis) and type II error (do not reject false hypothesis). To detect the heteroskedasticity, there are a number of methods that can be applied. Among them, we chose White's Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms) to detect the existence of heteroskedasticity. * Step 1: H0: Homoskedasticity. Ha: Heteroskedasticity. * Step 2: Run the OLS on regression to obtain residual ui Run the auxiliary regression to get the new model u2=? 1+? 2X2i+†¦ + ? qXqi+? q-1X22i+†¦ +? 2q-1X2qi+vi H0:? 2=? 3=†¦ = ? q W-statistic: W=n?R2(R2 of the new model) * Step 3: Level of significance ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if W>? 2? ,df=? 20. 05,6=12. 5916 * Step 5: W-statistic value From the results of EView, we have White Heteroskedasticity Test:| F-statistic| 0. 609507| Probability| 0. 720319| Obs*R-squared| 5. 253654| Probability| 0. 511716| | | | | | Test Equation:| Dependent Variable: RESID^2| Method: Least Squares| Date: 05/09/12 Time: 19:52| Sample: 2000 2010| Included observations: 11| Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | C| -51. 06331| 66. 56641| -0. 767103| 0. 4858| P| -0. 003894| 0. 005892| -0. 60928| 0. 5448| P^2| 1. 82E-07| 3. 29E-07| 0. 552995| 0. 6097| R| 1. 041681| 1. 113821| 0. 935232| 0. 4026| R^2| -0. 003233| 0. 003599| -0. 898302| 0. 4198| MS| -1. 70E-05| 3. 45E-05| -0. 490921| 0. 6492| MS^2| 8. 86E-12| 1. 31E-11| 0. 676092| 0. 5361| R-squared| 0. 477605| Mean dependent var| 2. 009703| Adjusted R-squared| -0. 305988| S. D. dependent var| 3. 115326| S. E. of regression| 3. 560188| Akaike info criterion| 5. 638630| Sum squa red resid| 50. 69977| Schwarz criterion| 5. 891836| Log likelihood| -24. 01247| F-statistic| 0. 609507| Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 651900| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 20319| Table [ 10 ]: EView White Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms) W=n? R2=5. 253654 4 – dU: Reject H0 * dU < d < 4 – dU: Do not reject H0 * dL ? d ? dU or 4 – dU ? d ? 4 – dL: Inconclusive k' = 3, df = 11. dL = 0. 595;dU = 1. 928 * Step 5: D-statistic value From EView table, we have D-statistic = 2. 175208 * Step 6: Conclusion We have 4 – dU = 4 – 1. 928 = 2. 072 4 – dL = 4 – 0. 595 = 3. 405 4 – dU ? d ? 4 – dL. There is not enough evidence to conclude whether first-order autocorrelation exists or not. b. Breusch-Godfrey test Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test:| | | | | | | | | | | | F-statistic| 0. 399592|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prob. F(2,5)| 0. 6903| Obs*R-squared| 1. 515907|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prob.Chi-Square(2)| 0. 4686| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Test Equation:| | | | Dependent Variable: RESID| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 14:40| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | Presample missing value lagged residuals set to zero. | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 0. 366991| 3. 997023| 0. 091816| 0. 9304| P| 0. 000262| 0. 000749| 0. 349805| 0. 7407| R| -0. 020687| 0. 052521| -0. 393881| 0. 7099| MS| -1. 21E-07| 4. 84E-06| -0. 025029| 0. 9810| RESID(-1)| -0. 121687| 0. 700832| -0. 173632| 0. 8690|RESID(-2)| -0. 759777| 1. 305304| -0. 582069| 0. 5858| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 137810|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| -5. 51E-15| Adjusted R-squared| -0. 724381|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 1. 486833| S. E. of regression| 1. 952445|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 478494| Sum squared resid| 19. 06021|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 695528| Log likelihood| -18. 63172|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan- Quinn criter. | 4. 341685| F-statistic| 0. 159837|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 950970| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 967201| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 12 ]: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test: Lags 2 * Step 1: Identify Ho and Ha:Ho: No second order autocorrelation Ha: Second order autocorrelation * Step 2: Test statistic: BG – statistic = (n – p)* R2 (p = df = number of degree of order = 2) * Step 3: Significance level: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule: Reject H0 if BG; ,p2=? 0. 05,22=5. 99174 * Step 5: BG-statistic value From EView table, we have BG = (11-2)*R2 = 9*0. 137810 = 1. 24029 ; 5. 99174 * Step 6: Conclusion Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is not enough evidence to infer the existence of second-order autocorrelation. In addition, we also notice that the p-value of first-order is greater than 0. 5, thus the first-order autocorrelation does not exist either. To sum up, there is no autocorrelation error in the model. 7. Conclusion After thorou ghly investigating models and their significant, it can be inferred that the best appropriate model, which can well explain the relationship between CPI and affecting factors, is the following one: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS Basing on the analysis, the model is proved to rather make sense as the fact that three independent variables, including petrol price, rice price and money supply, apparently affect Vietnam's CPI.After testing, the USD/VND exchange rate, nevertheless, is clearly insignificant. Consequently, the exchange rate is reasonably dropped out of the model. Moreover, all independent variables have positive relationship with CPI since the increase of any variables may result in growth of CPI. Besides the effectiveness and meaningfulness of the model, errors and limitation still exist. Multicollinearity is found out to be the considered issue, however, it is truly difficult to have any suitable remedial. And, two rest errors including h eteroscedasticity and autocorrelation are shown not to exist.It is the fact that the model is unavoidable to some errors and limitations, but these problems seem trivial and slight. From above analyzed data, the independent variables present a common trend of increasing, which leads to tendency of CPI to rise as well. Therefore, we insist that the CPI for the next years will boost. Despite Vietnamese government's important efforts to refrain the inflation rate, it is still essentially prone to escalate as a result of inevitable trend. Appendix Data of CPI, Exchange rate, Petrol price, Rice price and Money supply from 2000 to 2010Year| CPI| Exchange Rate| Petrol price| Rice price| Money supply (VND billion)| 2000| 100| 14,170. 23| 5400| 100| 196,994. 00| 2001| 102| 14,816. 76| 5400| 101| 250,846. 00| 2002| 104. 3| 15,346. 00| 5400| 101. 5| 284,144. 00| 2003| 107. 6| 15,475. 99| 5600| 100. 6| 378,060. 00| 2004| 115. 9| 15,704. 13| 7000| 114. 8| 495,447. 00| 2005| 125. 5| 15,816. 69| 1 0000| 118. 6| 648,574. 00| 2006| 134. 9| 15,963. 81| 12000| 122. 5| 841,011. 00| 2007| 146. 3| 16,126. 20| 11300| 142| 1,254,000. 00| 2008| 179. 6| 16,303. 54| 16320| 215. 2| 1,513,540. 00| 2009| 192| 17,066. 34| 15700| 218. 6| 1,910,590. 00| 2010| 209. | 18,620. 84| 16850| 251. 8| 2,478,310. 00| References BBC, 2007. Vietnam's WTO membership begins. Available online at URL: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/6249705. stm (Accessed May 4, 2012) Binh, N. V. 2009. Di? u hanh chinh sach t? gia nam 2008 va phuong hu? ng nam 2009. 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